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• Flow around a circular cylinder
  ... in the details (both geometry and boundary conditions) that can be used. A typical geometry is shown below (not to scale). ...ulent flow. The DNS, LES, and the transitional cases are still considered a research cases. Many different numerical techniques have been used to solv
  6 KB (884 words) - 11:31, 8 April 2017

Page text matches

• Main Page
  ...CFD-Wiki by using the [http://www.cfd-online.com/Tellafriend/wiki.php tell a friend] tool or [http://www.cfd-online.com/Marketing/wiki.php#linking linki The Baldwin-Lomax model is a classical algebraic turbulence model which is suitable for high-speed flows
  6 KB (823 words) - 21:52, 9 December 2017
• Codes
  ....eng.unimelb.edu.au/daltonh/downloads/arb/ arb homepage]||GMSH (.msh) || N/A | align="left" |[[CaNS]] -- [https://github.com/p-costa/CaNS CaNS homepage] a code for very fast massively-parallel DNS of canonical flows || || July 20
  25 KB (3,558 words) - 08:31, 23 January 2024
• Fluid dynamics
  ... and are called the [[Navier-Stokes equations]] which govern the motion of a viscous, heat conducting fluid. Various simplifications of these equations ...ourses/me111/pdf/poem-Naomi.pdf The Turbulent History of Fluid Mechanics], a poem by Naomi Tsafnat
  2 KB (205 words) - 10:17, 13 March 2013
• Source code archive
  ...n a zip or tar.gz file and [[Special:Upload|uploaded]] and linked to using a <nowiki>[[Media:filename.tar.gz]]</nowiki> link. ...(this is the default if you don't specify anything else) or released under a GPL copyleft license. See [[CFD-Wiki:Copyrights]] for more information.
  1 KB (203 words) - 17:39, 14 June 2012
• Reynolds number
  ...er characterises the relative importance of inertial and viscous forces in a flow. It is important in determining the state of the [[flow]], whether it ==Reynolds number as a ratio of time scales==
  3 KB (450 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• Navier-Stokes equations
  ...id. It is a vector equation obtained by applying Newton's Law of Motion to a fluid element and is also called the ''momentum equation''. It is supplemen ...continuity equation (1), momentum equation (2) and energy equation (3) for a compressible fluid can be written as:
  29 KB (4,606 words) - 18:17, 28 August 2012
• Posdat.f
  POSDAT always receives a wealth of information about all the cells and these may be useful in creati It is a li'l difficult to understand what these mean. See the following pic:
  3 KB (540 words) - 12:13, 3 September 2011
• Introduction to turbulence
  ...l analysis/Estimation from a finite number of realizations|Estimation from a finite number of realizations]] ** [[Introduction to turbulence/Statistical analysis/Estimation from a finite number of realizations#Estimators for averaged quantities|Estimators
  8 KB (948 words) - 12:34, 15 March 2012
• Reynolds stress model (RSM)
  ...assical turbulence model. The method of closure employed is usually called a ''Second Order Closure''. This modelling approach originates from the works these turbulent components return to isotropy. Such a correlation is
  8 KB (1,203 words) - 01:47, 18 April 2017
• Near-wall treatment for k-omega models
  where <math>y</math> is the cell centroid distance from the wall. Using this a blending can take the following form: ...at the wall-adjacent cell should be on the order of '''y+ = 1'''. However, a higher y+ is acceptable as long as it is well inside the viscous sublayer (
  4 KB (581 words) - 10:40, 31 March 2021
• Favre averaging
  ...h>\widetilde{\Phi}</math> and a fluctuating part <math>\Phi''</math> using a density weighted average in the following way:
  1 KB (209 words) - 21:48, 26 August 2013
• Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
  A '''direct numerical simulation (DNS)''' is a simulation in computational fluid dynamics in which the [[Navier-Stokes equ To satisfy these resolution requirements, the number ''N'' of points along a given mesh direction with increments ''h'', must be
  4 KB (672 words) - 13:52, 25 July 2012
• Fluent FAQ
  ...e company that is now part of ANSYS Inc. Fluent (the software package) is a popular commercial CFD package. Gambit is a meshing software package that is typically purchased{{Fact}} with Fluent.
  39 KB (6,386 words) - 16:48, 26 April 2013
• Best practice guidelines
  ...rs. By sharing our experience about how to best perform a CFD analysis for a particular problem we can help each other and learn from each others mistak '''''If you miss a guide feel free to start it by adding a link to it from this page.'''''
  1 KB (189 words) - 19:11, 20 January 2012
• Best practice guidelines for turbomachinery CFD
  .... The intended audience is expected to know basic CFD terminology and have a basic turbomachinery knowledge, but no detailed knowledge about CFD for tur ...and what physical phenomena that affect the results. This chapter contains a brief overview of the various types of simulations and some hints of what c
  41 KB (6,252 words) - 08:46, 4 March 2023
• Baldwin-Lomax model
  ...ic 0-equation model which gives the eddy viscosity, <math>\mu_t</math>, as a function of the local boundary layer velocity profile. The model is suitabl l = k y \left( 1 - e^{\frac{-y^+}{A^+}} \right)
  8 KB (1,262 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• Turbulence modeling
  ...ns. Virtually all engineering applications are turbulent and hence require a turbulence model. #### [[A roughness-dependent model]]
  3 KB (282 words) - 19:16, 10 April 2021
• Two equation turbulence models
  ...t equations to represent the turbulent properties of the flow. This allows a two equation model to account for history effects like convection and diffu Where <math>\mu_t</math> is a scalar property called the [[Eddy viscosity|eddy viscosity]] which is norma
  11 KB (1,667 words) - 20:52, 25 October 2016
• Introduction to turbulence/Nature of turbulence
  ...artistic forms. Subconsciously we find ourselves observing exhaust jets on a frosty day; we are willingly hypnotized by licking flames in an open hearth SONNET TO TURBULENCE by S. Corrsin <ref>Stan Corrsin was a famous and much beloved turbulence researcher and professor at the Johns Ho
  16 KB (2,597 words) - 21:12, 9 November 2016
• Ansys FAQ
  ==== My steady state solution converges for a while but stops converging before reaching my convergence criteria ==== Failure to obtain full convergence is a common issue for steady state simulations. It often occurs when doing mesh
  27 KB (4,461 words) - 02:03, 18 August 2018
• Incompressible flow
  ...roperty of the flow and not of the fluid. The rate of change of density of a material fluid element is given by the material derivative ...orm in an incompressible flow. All that is required is that the density of a fluid element should not change in time as it moves through space. For exam
  8 KB (1,427 words) - 18:57, 19 August 2013
• Potential flow
  A flow in which vorticity is zero is called potential flow, or irrotational f it implies that the velocity is the gradient of a scalar field called the velocity potential, and usually denoted as <math>\p
  800 B (127 words) - 13:06, 16 March 2016
• Inviscid flow
  A flow in which viscous effects can be neglected is known as ''inviscid flow' Have a look at this discussion:<br>
  2 KB (323 words) - 07:46, 20 August 2013
• Siemens FAQ
  This section is empty. This is just a suggestion on how to structure it. Please feel free to add questions and an ... Everytime copy pasting the code or renaming the files as POSDAT.F may be a little boring / inefficient. In stead the following procedure can be adopt
  8 KB (1,278 words) - 21:48, 9 December 2017
• Validation and test cases
  ...for the validation and benchmarking of CFD codes. Articles should include a description of the case, data to compare with, and possibly contributed sol ...the testing then is to determine if the code works properly), or it can be a commercial code (the testing then is to determine if the code is suitable f
  4 KB (629 words) - 21:50, 3 August 2017
• Introduction to CFD
  ...nding the governing laws and the nature of fluids themselves, resulting in a complex yet theoretically strong field of research.</p> ...ved on in geometrical domain divided into small volumes, commonly known as a [[Meshing | mesh (or grid)]]. </p>
  2 KB (401 words) - 06:50, 8 January 2013
• Lid-driven cavity problem
  ...ndary conditions are also simple. The standard case is fluid contained in a square domain with Dirichlet boundary conditions on all sides, with three s ...n also be done with the lid replaced with a moving fluid. This problem is a somewhat different situation, and is usually referred to as the shear-drive
  3 KB (546 words) - 12:44, 9 April 2013
• Large eddy simulation (LES)
  ...dies in a calculation and implicitly account for the small eddies by using a [[#Subgrid-scale models|subgrid-scale model]] (SGS model). ...Formally, one may think of filtering as the convolution of a function with a [[LES filters|filtering kernel]] <math>G</math>:
  6 KB (882 words) - 21:50, 24 June 2013
• Spalart-Allmaras model
  ...lmaras model is a one equation model which solves a transport equation for a viscosity-like variable <math>\tilde{\nu}</math>. This may be referred to a [Dacles-Mariani et. al. 1995] proposed a modification of the model which also accounts for the effect of mean strain
  4 KB (662 words) - 13:34, 23 April 2015
• Finite volume
  ...cal fluid dynamics, the first step in the FVM is to divide the domain into a number of control volumes (aka cells, elements) where the variable of inter ...ole computational domain and '''for any number of control volumes'''. Even a coarse grid solution exhibits exact integral balances.<br>
  4 KB (643 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• Biconjugate gradient stabilized method
  A = coefficient matrix <br> M = the preconditioning matrix constructed by matrix A <br>
  2 KB (281 words) - 17:01, 31 October 2016
• OpenFOAM
  ...d approach which makes it easy to extend. The package includes modules for a wide range of applications. ...ry Weller and others at Imperial College. For a few years FOAM was sold as a commercial code by the company Nabla Ltd. However, in 2004 FOAM was release
  2 KB (322 words) - 08:58, 26 February 2019
• Gauss-Seidel method
  The '''Gauss-Seidel method''' is a technique used to solve a linear system of equations. The method is named after the German mathematic We seek the solution to a set of linear equations: <br>
  8 KB (1,113 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• Jacobi method
  ...ged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation method of matrix diagona :<math> A \phi = b </math> <br>
  6 KB (825 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• Multigrid methods
  ...he gradient of the error from node to node. If the error is distributed in a high frequency mode, the convergence rate is fast. However, after the first For many iterative methods, the number of iterations required to reach a converged solution is linearly proportional to number of nodes in one direc
  5 KB (746 words) - 09:49, 12 July 2019
• 2-D vortex in isentropic flow
  Perturbations are added to the [[free-stream]] in such a way that there is no As a result of [[isentropy]], the exact solution corresponds to a pure [[advection]]
  2 KB (242 words) - 04:00, 21 October 2014
• Overset grids
  ...ach. In a full Chimera grid system, a complex geometry is decomposed into a system of geometrically simple overlapping grids. Boundary information is ...mera-type calculation is not insignificant, and thus has been automated to a high degree. In very general terms, there are three steps to setting up an
  7 KB (1,042 words) - 14:13, 17 August 2021
• Realisable k-epsilon model
  ...erline{\Omega_{ij}} </math> is the mean rate-of-rotation tensor viewed in a rotating reference frame with the angular velocity <math> \omega_k </math>
  2 KB (380 words) - 19:57, 16 December 2014
• Application areas
  ...ection is not very well developed yet. Most application areas just contain a short introduction and some links. Please feel free to expand an applicatio
  631 B (82 words) - 16:10, 11 October 2013
• Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Summary of Discretizations Schemes and examples
  ...f anyone have literature connected with convective schemes, please drop us a line. Of course You are welkome to participate in Wiki'' ...all be very glad and grateful to hear any critical suggestion (please drop a few lines at Wiki Forum)''
  9 KB (1,327 words) - 05:56, 21 April 2012
• Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Common
  Equation (1) is integrated over a control volume and the following discretized equation for <math>\boldsymbol ... can be explicitly formulated in terms of its neighbouring nodal values by a functional relationship of the form:
  28 KB (4,096 words) - 13:11, 24 October 2016
• Coeff 11.f90 - calculate the coefficients
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  5 KB (957 words) - 17:58, 20 April 2012
• Main.f90 - Main modul
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  2 KB (260 words) - 17:54, 20 April 2012
• Sample code for solving Smith-Hutton test - Fortran 90
  ''It's just a scrap. Later I'll correct it, although it's a complete working code'' MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
  3 KB (378 words) - 18:02, 20 April 2012
• HLPA.f90 - HLPA scheme implementation modul
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  2 KB (244 words) - 17:42, 15 June 2011
• LES filters
  ...s of LES, filtering a function is defined as convoluting the function with a filtering kernel, just as is typically done in electrical engineering. ...grid filter" whereby the filter cuts off the values of the function beyond a half filter width away.
  2 KB (283 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• LU decomposition
  ...>L</math> and an upper triangular part <math>U</math> that will lead us to a direct procedure for the solution of the original system. This decompositi :<math>A = LU.</math>
  4 KB (696 words) - 09:22, 21 November 2011
• Tridiagonal matrix algorithm - TDMA (Thomas algorithm)
  ...imination that can be used to solve ''tridiagonal'' systems of equations. A tridiagonal system may be written as ...perations instead of <math>O(n^3)</math> required by Gaussian Elimination. A first sweep eliminates the <math>a_i</math>'s, and then an (abbreviated) ba
  4 KB (658 words) - 22:58, 14 September 2016
• Stokes flow
  ...flow of a highly viscous fluid. Since a high viscosity coefficient implies a low [[Reynolds number]], Stokes flow is also refered to as ''low Reynolds n
  494 B (72 words) - 08:30, 20 August 2013
• Meshing
  ...were 2D in nature. For 2D analyses, a domain split into elements resembles a wire mesh, hence the name. An example of a 2D analysis domain (flow over a backward facing step) and its mesh are shown in pictures below.
  2 KB (313 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• SIMPLE algorithm
  If a steady-state problem is being solved iteratively, it is not necessary to fu * Velocities are corrected and a new set of conservative fluxes is calculated.
  3 KB (442 words) - 10:42, 11 March 2016
• Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - What we need: Please help
  ...ks. If anyone have literature connected to convective schemes, please drop a line on CFD Wiki Forum Here we listed necessary articles. Of course You are {{reference-paper | author=B. P. Leonard, A. P. Lock, and M. K. MacVean.| year=1995 | title=Extended numerical integrat
  5 KB (615 words) - 17:27, 7 November 2011
• Sand box Approximation Schemes
  ... theorem''' — also known as '''Godunov's order barrier theorem''' — is a mathematical [[theorem]] important in the development of the theory of [[hi ...uential work in the area of applied and numerical mathematics and has had a major impact on science and engineering, particularly in the development of
  26 KB (3,687 words) - 20:19, 7 November 2011
• Aero-acoustics and noise
  ...pollution, focus is now shifting towards predicting the noise generated by a given aerodynamic flow. Similarly, in the automotive industry, passenger c ... numerically. Thus, this equation can represent the sound propagation from a source in an ambient condition. With the success of the acoustic analogy, m
  5 KB (709 words) - 15:59, 23 June 2013
• Rhie-Chow interpolation
  ...erpolation is the same as adding a pressure term, which is proportional to a third derivative of the pressue
  896 B (141 words) - 06:14, 27 August 2012
• Mesh adaptation
  ...mmon technique is to treat the mesh as if it is an elastic solid and solve a system equations (suject to some forcing) that deforms the original mesh (s ...h connectivity. Depending upon the technique used, this may not result in a change in the overall number of grid cells or grid points. The simplest st
  8 KB (1,236 words) - 09:43, 17 May 2012
• V2-f models
  ... turbulence anisotropy as well as non-local pressure-strain effects. It is a general turbulence model for low [[Reynolds number|Reynolds-numbers]], that ...delled through the elliptic relaxation function <math>f</math>, by solving a separate elliptic equation of the Helmholtz type.
  6 KB (917 words) - 05:45, 7 February 2014
• Automotive
  An Automobile is a combination of several industrial technologies in a miniaturised form. CFD can be applied in different areas and would then hav A few are listed here :
  1 KB (170 words) - 15:31, 6 August 2012
• Johnson-King model
  ...ransport equation for the maximum shear stress. It was not developed to be a universal model, rather to solve only for turbulent boundary layer flows wi *<b>Johnson, D.A. and King, L.S.</b> A mathematically simple turbulence closure model for attached and separated t
  735 B (103 words) - 05:48, 17 January 2012
• Ahmed body
  1. The A recirculation region that is formed as the flow separates at the top of the ...urfaces. Past 30° the flow separates fully off the slant. This results in a sudden decrease in drag and weaker c-pillar vortices.
  4 KB (577 words) - 05:46, 6 October 2015
• Damkohler number
  The Damkohler number is also defined in a chemical non-equilibrium process at very high velocities of the fluid or ve Where <math> q_{ne} </math> is the energy involved in a non-equilibrium process and <math> h_o </math> is the total enthalpy of the
  1 KB (245 words) - 13:50, 6 February 2012
• General CFD FAQ
  This FAQ is empty. This is just a suggestion on how to structure it. Please feel free to add questions and an ...y field (or any other scalar field) as the sum of an average component and a fluctuating component. The time average of the fluctuating field is identic
  7 KB (1,199 words) - 13:47, 5 June 2013
• CHAM FAQ
  ...Cartesian, cylindrical-polar or curvilinear coordinates. The code also has a spatial marching integration option to handle parabolic and hyperbolic flow ... is subdivided into a number of control volumes on a mono-block mesh using a conventional staggered-grid approach. All field variables except velocities
  37 KB (5,717 words) - 12:46, 9 December 2019
• Finite element
  ...mple and interesting. The differential equation governing the transport of a scalar <math> \phi</math> is first written as <br> ...math> \bar\phi</math> does not satisfy the governing PDE, therfore leaving a residual R defined as <br>
  1 KB (226 words) - 12:09, 31 August 2011
• Gmsh
  ...n-source unstructured 3-dimensional mesh generator. Its main goal is to be a simple meshing tool for academic users.
  205 B (31 words) - 08:58, 26 February 2019
• History of CFD
  ...ummary of these contributions. The [[Famous achievements in CFD]] presents a list of crucial problems that were solved using CFD techniques. Here are a few milestones in the early history of CFD:
  1 KB (175 words) - 11:12, 4 January 2013
• Historical perspective
  ... methods of prime usage for fluid dynamics simulations. However, there was a complete link between the development of numerical methods for PDEs and the ...for simplified or idealized situations. However, it was soon realized that a wide range of problems still need to be solved especially with the increasi
  1 KB (208 words) - 22:19, 7 February 2013
• Hall of fame
  ...short sketch of their lives along with their contributions to CFD. Here is a good resource for biographies http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/B *A.M.O. Smith
  2 KB (324 words) - 18:33, 27 June 2018
• Famous achievements in CFD
  ... cycling peloton was simulated using ANSYS and in a wind tunnel to achieve a better estimation on the drag coefficient of the riders in relation to thei
  612 B (86 words) - 17:33, 13 September 2018
• CFD quotations
  Below is a list of some of the famous quotations on CFD ...iction) or any other subject, some not agreeing today with what they wrote a year ago, I think we might put down all their results, add them together, a
  1 KB (255 words) - 13:45, 28 June 2018
• Civil engineering
  This page is writted by a non english speaker; please excuse the bad grammar (And correct it!). For example, "Open Channel Hydraulics" (V. T. Chow) has a chapter that only says something like "not much to say about...".
  2 KB (255 words) - 16:17, 19 January 2012
• Gridgen
  Gridgen is a commercial mesh generator developed, distributed, and supported by Pointwis Gridgen has a Tcl-based scripting language called GridgenGlyph that can automate CFD mesh
  2 KB (258 words) - 13:19, 13 June 2018
• Turbulence intensity
  ...rm of measurements or previous experince to base the estimate on. Here are a few examples of common estimations of the incoming turbulence intensity: #'''Low-turbulence case''': Flow originating from a fluid that stands still, like external flow across cars, submarines and air
  5 KB (661 words) - 16:24, 23 July 2022
• Turbulence length scale
  ...ical quantity describing the size of the large energy-containing eddies in a turbulent flow. ...ely easy to relate to the physical size of the problem it is easy to guess a reasonable value of the turbulent length scale. The turbulent length scale
  3 KB (428 words) - 19:56, 15 June 2012
• Turbulence free-stream boundary conditions
  ...ming turbulence is rarely known exactly. Most often you are forced to make a more or less educated guess of the incoming turbulence. ...mulas. Some codes may not require the <math>C_\mu</math> constant so it is a good idea to check the user manual if possible.
  4 KB (712 words) - 11:59, 15 January 2014
• Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption
  ...bout Boussinesq’s turbulent viscosity hypothesis: historical remarks and a direct evaluation of its validity ...entum transfer caused by the molecular motion in a gas can be described by a molecular viscosity. The Boussinesq assumption states that the [[Reynolds s
  2 KB (292 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• Dimensionless wall distance (y plus)
  A non-dimensional wall distance for a wall-bounded flow can be defined in the following way: ...ools can be used to estimate the necessary grid spacing in order to obtain a desired y plus:
  2 KB (265 words) - 15:43, 28 March 2014
• Skin friction coefficient
  ...ndary layer several approximation formulas for the local skin friction for a flat plate can be used: ... law, in Schlichtings book (see references) the formula describing Cf over a flat plate , without pressure gradient, is Cf=0.0725*Re^(-1/5) and it is va
  4 KB (516 words) - 12:14, 14 January 2016
• Law of the wall
  ''We should have a lin-log plot here of a typical turbulent boundary layer to illustrate where the log-law is valid,
  744 B (111 words) - 08:32, 7 September 2011
• Introduction to turbulence/Statistical analysis/Ensemble average
  ...ed coins. If a value of one is assigned to a head and the value of zero to a tail, then the ''arithmetic average'' of the numbers generated is defined a ...ependent events'' - meaning the probability of achieving a head or tail in a given flip must be completely independent of what happens in all the other
  8 KB (1,391 words) - 12:29, 2 July 2011
• Introduction to turbulence/Reynolds averaged equations
  ...ons, whether turbulent or not, are governed by the dynamical equations for a fluid. These can be written using Cartesian tensor notation as: ...(\vec{x},t)</math> represents the i-the component of the fluid velocity at a point in space,<math>[\vec{x}]_i=x_i</math>, and time,t. Also
  45 KB (7,578 words) - 08:35, 21 August 2013
• First cell height calculation
  ...e wall properly. In order to do that, the mesh should be generated in such a manner that it captures boundary layer properly. For turbulent flows, calcu ...eted, so it is usually necessary to estimate a value, and then check after a simulation is complete.
  934 B (146 words) - 05:06, 29 November 2011
• Semiconductor industry
  ...ted using CFD calculation to help their design engineers. But it still has a long way to go and gain confidence from everybody to its results.
  740 B (118 words) - 16:32, 19 January 2012
• Fluid-structure interaction
  ...lations are coupled [[CFD]] (fluids) and [[FEM]] (mechanics) cases. FSI is a part of [[mulitphysics simulations]] and an actual main focus in CFD develo ...ly on matching meshes (e.g. mapping aerodynamic pressure distribution onto a structural Finite Element model). However in the case of 1-way FSI the mapp
  3 KB (484 words) - 14:56, 26 January 2018
• Flow around a circular cylinder
  ... in the details (both geometry and boundary conditions) that can be used. A typical geometry is shown below (not to scale). ...ulent flow. The DNS, LES, and the transitional cases are still considered a research cases. Many different numerical techniques have been used to solv
  6 KB (884 words) - 11:31, 8 April 2017
• Introduction to turbulence/Turbulence kinetic energy
  ...e equations for the Reynolds stresses using the Navier-Stokes equations as a starting point has left us with far more equations than unknowns. Unfortuna ...engineers is not going to have a simple solution: we simply cannot produce a set of reasonably universal equations. Obviously we are going to have to st
  47 KB (7,664 words) - 12:47, 13 December 2013
• Cavitation modeling
  ... found in turbomachinery and hydrodynamics. In both cases this constitutes a limitation for the performances of the device that rotates the fluid becaus A number of methods exist for modeling cavitation. They can be divided into
  2 KB (250 words) - 05:28, 13 June 2013
• Discontinuous Galerkin
  The ''discontinuous Galerkin'' (DG) method is often referred to as a hybrid, volume methods. The solution is represented within each element as a polynomial
  9 KB (1,518 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• K-epsilon models
  ...t equations to represent the turbulent properties of the flow. This allows a two equation model to account for history effects like convection and diffu ..., and Launder, B. E.|year=1972|title=The Prediction of Laminarization with a Two-Equation Model of
  3 KB (406 words) - 16:03, 18 June 2011
• K-omega models
  ...t equations to represent the turbulent properties of the flow. This allows a two equation model to account for history effects like convection and diffu
  1 KB (148 words) - 12:43, 12 October 2011
• Structured mesh generation
  ...s the book of Thompson, Warsi, and Mastin<ref>Thompson, Joe F., Warsi, Z.U.A., and Mastin, C. Wayne, ''Numerical Grid Generation'', Elsevier Science Pub The simplest way to obtain a grid would be to specify the grid coordinates <math>\vec{x}</math> as the r
  8 KB (1,204 words) - 03:53, 27 April 2012
• NOGRID
  ...ion tasks in a wide area of flow and continuum mechanical problems. FPM is a method for the solution of the equations governing viscous fluid flows, inc ...rical methods, such as Finite Elements or Finite Volumes, does not require a grid or mesh. The points are automatically filled, moved, refilled and clea
  3 KB (408 words) - 07:32, 14 June 2018
• Tioga
  Tioga is a Ruby library for scientific plotting which uses pdfTeX as a renderer. This allows production of publication quality vector format graph
  708 B (108 words) - 14:05, 26 January 2018
• PHOENICS
  ...Cartesian, cylindrical-polar or curvilinear coordinates. The code also has a spatial marching integration option to handle parabolic and hyperbolic flow ... is subdivided into a number of control volumes on a mono-block mesh using a conventional staggered-grid approach. All field variables except velocities
  11 KB (1,641 words) - 11:18, 5 July 2013
• Staggered grid
  ... grid]] arrangement, where all variables are stored in the same positions. A staggered storage is mainly used on [[Mesh_classification#Structured_Meshes ...ven decoupling]] between the pressure and velocity. Odd-even decoupling is a discretization error that can occur on collocated grids and which leads to
  1 KB (187 words) - 16:17, 3 March 2012
• NaSt2D-2.0
  ...'''Navier-Stokes equations''''', discreted by finite difference method, in a staggered rectangle grid for given boundary conditions. Viskous, unsteady, ...program package contains the source files in programming language '''C''', a detailed instruction manual as '''HTML'''-file, input samples for all imple
  912 B (120 words) - 09:35, 11 October 2016
• SSIIM
  ...r sediment transport, using Van Rijn's formula for the bed boundary. Also, a water quality module is included. The program is not made for the marine e ... result. A post-processor viewing coloured surfaces in 3D is also made, as a separate program.
  2 KB (340 words) - 06:27, 19 July 2016
• Tdyn
  Tdyn is a CFD and multiphysics environment based on the FIC/FEM method, developed and ...les) problems using the FIC/FEM scheme mentioned above. Tdyn also includes a fully integrated module for geometry and data definition and post-processin
  3 KB (388 words) - 09:14, 3 January 2012
• Non-equilibrium Flow
  ...ther extreme case of Knc > 1, as a pragmatic engineering approach, usually a Monte Carlo method is extended by some statistical model to describe the en ...the pertinent features of the physical phenomena. The interlaced system of a path-integral
  3 KB (451 words) - 09:15, 3 January 2012
• Stratford's separation criterion
  ...ord's separation criterion is an old classical analytical way to assess if a turbulent boundary layer is likely to separate or not. Stratford's criteria *<math>k</math> is a constant which Stratford used the following values for:
  3 KB (543 words) - 11:10, 11 December 2013
• Introduction to turbulence/Homogeneous turbulence
  == A first look at decaying turbulence == ...d what is the time dependece of <math> l </math>? Now there is practically a different answer to these questions for every investigator in turbulence -
  10 KB (1,751 words) - 13:03, 21 March 2012
• Introduction to turbulence/Free turbulent shear flows
  ...suing from one's nostrils or mouth upon exhaling, the turbulent plume from a smoldering cigarette, and the buoyant jet issuing from an erupting volcano ...ty counterpart, the jet. On the other hand, horizontal free shear flows in a stably stratified environment (fluid density decreases with height) can be
  67 KB (11,204 words) - 13:42, 19 April 2016
• Glass industry
  CFD has a long tradition in glass industry. The measurement of flow quantities is ver ... cool the glass very precisely so that the glass at the forming area is of a uniform and exact temperature.
  4 KB (522 words) - 08:47, 22 July 2018
• Sample code for solving Lid-Driven cavity test (Re=1000) - Fortran 90
  ''It's just a scrap. Later I'll correct it, although it's a complete working code -- Michail'' MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
  3 KB (463 words) - 10:04, 20 May 2016
• Main Cavity.f90 - Main modul
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  7 KB (885 words) - 14:54, 19 May 2016
• Common icomm 1.f90 - include module
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  3 KB (391 words) - 14:55, 19 May 2016
• Solve UV.f90 - Solution of the momentum equations for U and V
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  6 KB (932 words) - 14:58, 19 May 2016
• Solve Pressure Correction.f90 - Solution of pressure-correction equation and correction of U,V and P
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  6 KB (872 words) - 15:03, 19 May 2016
• TDMA.f90 - Solution of system of linear equations by Thomas method
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  2 KB (341 words) - 15:00, 19 May 2016
• Init all cavity.f90 - Init data for lid-driven cavity test
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  2 KB (176 words) - 14:53, 19 May 2016
• Convergence Criteria.f90 - Calculation of convergence
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  2 KB (402 words) - 15:01, 19 May 2016
• Init all.f90 - Initiation of arrays
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  1 KB (172 words) - 14:48, 19 May 2016
• Grid rectangular.f90 - Calculation of grid
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  2 KB (254 words) - 14:50, 19 May 2016
• Geometry.f90 - Calculation of geometric properties
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  3 KB (461 words) - 14:51, 19 May 2016
• O-PALM
  ... Q.J.R.M.S., 127 (2001), 189-207), this approach was the most suitable for a research and development context, where many methods were to be implemented ...p a dynamic parallel coupler and its user interface that had to be used on a variety of platforms under the efficiency constraints of operational applic
  3 KB (418 words) - 21:45, 27 July 2011
• OpenLB
  ...generic platform for LB programming and to share it with the community via a system of open source contributions.
  1,012 B (157 words) - 21:14, 14 November 2012
• OpenGPI
  ... is meant to be a generic configuration editor. It was first developed for a few CFD projects, among them [[OpenLB]]. ...ions for it with check scripts and validators to help in debugging. It has a fully specified XML Schema Description (XSD) to support it in this task, an
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• Y plus wall distance estimation
  ... is often useful to be able to estimate the wall-distance needed to obtain a certain [[Dimensionless wall distance (y plus)|Y+]] value. To estimate this
  934 B (140 words) - 08:21, 13 June 2011
• Specific turbulence dissipation rate
  Where <math>\beta^*</math> is a model constant, most often set to: Please note that some models/codes instead use a different definition without the model constant:
  1 KB (159 words) - 11:08, 13 June 2011
• Introduction to turbulence/Wall bounded turbulent flows
  Figure 8.1: Flow around a simple airfoil without separation. ...wakes and other free shear flows. Clearly something was very wrong, and as a result fluid mechanics didn’t get much respect from engineers in the 19th
  41 KB (7,002 words) - 13:02, 21 March 2012
• Code: Lid driven cavity using pressure free velocity form
  ...minate the pressure from all or part of the computational process. We show a simple, natural way of doing this. ...g equation for the velocity, while the second equation for the pressure is a functional of the velocity and is related to the pressure Poisson equation.
  11 KB (1,560 words) - 20:12, 15 March 2013
• PFV4 diffusion matrix
  % functions with 3, 4, or 6 degrees-of-freedom and defined on a
  5 KB (662 words) - 19:09, 15 March 2013
• PFV4 program script
  % This could be characterized as a VELOCITY-STREAM FUNCTION or % Reference: J. T. Holdeman, "A Hermite finite element method
  16 KB (2,250 words) - 19:03, 15 March 2013
• Code: Lid-driven cavity using pressure-free velocity form (2)
  ...minate the pressure from all or part of the computational process. We show a simple, natural way of doing this. ...g equation for the velocity, while the second equation for the pressure is a functional of the velocity and is related to the pressure Poisson equation.
  12 KB (1,673 words) - 20:07, 15 March 2013
• PFV4 convection matrix
  % functions with 3, 4, or 6 degrees-of-freedom and defined on a
  6 KB (856 words) - 19:12, 15 March 2013
• PFV4 get pressure
  % form a list of non-diri dofs
  11 KB (1,613 words) - 19:29, 15 March 2013
• PFV diffusion matrix 2
  % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs. % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs.
  5 KB (766 words) - 18:32, 4 July 2011
• PFV convection matrix 2
  % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs. % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs.
  7 KB (1,099 words) - 18:38, 4 July 2011
• Pfv lid driven cavity
  % This could also be characterized as a VELOCITY-STREAM FUNCTION or % Reference: "A Hermite finite element method for incompressible fluid flow",
  13 KB (1,841 words) - 03:26, 29 June 2011
• PFV diffusion matrix
  % functions with 3, 4, or 6 degrees-of-freedom and defined on a
  5 KB (670 words) - 15:58, 15 March 2013
• PFV convection matrix
  % functions with 3, 4, or 6 degrees-of-freedom and defined on a
  6 KB (865 words) - 16:06, 15 March 2013
• PFV get pressure
  % form a list of non-diri dofs
  11 KB (1,623 words) - 16:10, 15 March 2013
• PFV program script
  % This could also be characterized as a VELOCITY-STREAM FUNCTION or % Reference: "A Hermite finite element method for incompressible fluid flow",
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• PFV GMRES solver
  % Nominal values for GMRES for a large difficult problem might be: % good mat is a square tdof by tdof matrix
  5 KB (689 words) - 04:10, 29 June 2011
• PFV mesh regrade
  function y=regrade(x,a,e) % Usage: regrade(x,a,e)
  1 KB (199 words) - 04:17, 29 June 2011
• PFV get pressure 2
  % form a list of non-diri dofs % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs.
  19 KB (3,020 words) - 18:42, 4 July 2011
• HiFlow³
  ...ted concepts and the full capabilities of C++ the HiFlow³ project follows a modular and generic approach for building efficient parallel numerical solv
  1,010 B (136 words) - 09:04, 30 April 2012
• Code: Thermal cavity using pressure-free velocity form
  ...minate the pressure from all or part of the computational process. We show a simple, natural way of doing this. ...g equation for the velocity, while the second equation for the pressure is a functional of the velocity and is related to the pressure Poisson equation.
  14 KB (1,998 words) - 21:21, 15 March 2013
• PFV Tdiffusion matrix 2
  % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs.
  4 KB (593 words) - 16:08, 7 July 2011
• PFV Tconvection matrix 2
  % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs. % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs.
  7 KB (1,061 words) - 16:13, 7 July 2011
• PFV Buoyancy matrix 2
  % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs. % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs.
  6 KB (874 words) - 16:20, 7 July 2011
• Quadrature Formulae
  ...to collect quadrature formula in a form that can be copied and pasted into a code being developed.
  193 B (29 words) - 12:00, 9 July 2011
• Code: 3D Lid-driven cavity using pressure-free velocity form
  ...minate the pressure from all or part of the computational process. We show a simple, natural way of doing this. ...g equation for the velocity, while the second equation for the pressure is a functional of the velocity and is related to the pressure Poisson equation.
  24 KB (3,584 words) - 14:08, 10 August 2011
• PFV 3D diffusion matrix
  % The parameter ni can be a vector of coordinate pairs.
  5 KB (815 words) - 12:17, 20 July 2011
• PFV 3D convection matrix
  % vectors in the nodal order (A,B,C,u,v,w). Ua = Ua + S(:,mm+1:mm+ndfn)*Vdof(:,m); % A,B,C,u,v,w
  5 KB (765 words) - 12:20, 20 July 2011
• Water and Wastewater
  ...ing for different purposes: optimization of existing processes, upgrade of a treatment line, design of new facilities, development of new treatment conc ...), CFD allows to test the validity of flow pattern designs/improvements of a unit process (geometry of the basins, possible baffles, location of connect
  654 B (99 words) - 15:08, 28 October 2011
• SIMPLER algorithm - SIMPLE - Revised
  1. Start with a guessed velocity field.
  1 KB (184 words) - 12:34, 26 August 2012
• SIMPLEM algorithm - SIMPLE-Modified
  ...led, F.|year=1989|title=Improvements to Incompressible Flow Calculation on a Non-staggered Curvilinear Grid|rest=Numer. Heat Transfer B, vol. 15, pp. 13
  303 B (38 words) - 21:32, 28 December 2011
• PISO algorithm - Pressure Implicit with Split Operator
  ...omputational fluid dynamics) to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. PISO is a pressure-velocity calculation procedure for the [[Navier-Stokes equations]] ...ready seen for the SIMPLE algorithm, the steps 4 and 5 can be repeated for a prescribed number of time to correct for non-orthogonality.
  4 KB (680 words) - 11:28, 5 May 2015
• Cubit
  Cubit is a CAE pre-processor used to generate volume and surface meshes for CFD and FE
  1 KB (163 words) - 22:24, 9 January 2012
• PHYSICA
  PHYSICA is a multi-physics package produced by [http://cnmpa.gre.ac.uk The Centre of Num
  298 B (45 words) - 19:51, 15 March 2012
• QUICK.f90 - QUICK scheme implementation modul
  !MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the !You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  1 KB (180 words) - 18:04, 20 April 2012
• Pointwise
  Pointwise is a commercial mesh generation software product from Pointwise, Inc. in Fort Wo ...ary. Geometry is assembled into a solid both automatically and manually as a means of dealing with gaps and overlaps between adjacent surfaces.
  3 KB (441 words) - 18:16, 28 August 2018
• What is Open Source?
  ... "Open-source software ... is computer software that is ... provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the softw ...king with OSS requires a shift in attitude and some good ground work. Have a look at this [http://www.linkedin.com/groups/What-are-your-experiences-in-6
  28 KB (4,443 words) - 05:05, 23 December 2017
• Rahman-Siikonen-Agarwal Model
  ...ation is used for <math>f_\mu</math>. The model has been validated against a few well-documented flow cases, yielding predictions in good agreement with
  4 KB (637 words) - 19:47, 8 July 2013
• Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition
  ...t be less than the time for the wave to travel to adjacent grid points. As a corollary, when the grid point separation is reduced, the upper limit for t ..." can be used in order to somewhat optimize the value of the time step for a particular problem, by varying the values of the different interval in orde
  3 KB (526 words) - 11:58, 26 August 2012
• BOXERMesh
  BOXERMesh offers direct import of a wide range of native CAD files, without requiring CAD licenses. This provid
  1 KB (204 words) - 14:36, 7 March 2013
• DrivAer Model
  The DrivAer model is a generic car model developed at the Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mech The model is designed as a modular vehicle with exchangeable rear end forms and underbodies, allowing
  3 KB (425 words) - 09:32, 6 March 2013
• PFV4 mesh regrade
  function y=regrade(x,a,e) % Usage: regrade(x,a,e)
  1,020 B (189 words) - 19:51, 15 March 2013
• PFVT thermal program script
  % This could be characterized as a VELOCITY-STREAM FUNCTION or % form a list of non-diri dofs
  21 KB (3,032 words) - 20:48, 15 March 2013
• PFVT diffusion matrix
  % functions with 3, 4, or 6 degrees-of-freedom and defined on a
  5 KB (662 words) - 20:55, 15 March 2013
• PFVT convection matrix
  % functions with 3, 4, or 6 degrees-of-freedom and defined on a
  6 KB (856 words) - 20:59, 15 March 2013
• PFVT get pressure
  % form a list of non-diri dofs
  11 KB (1,613 words) - 21:10, 15 March 2013
• PFVT mesh regrade
  function y=regrade(x,a,e) % Usage: regrade(x,a,e)
  1,020 B (189 words) - 21:12, 15 March 2013
• Palabos
  ... solver with wide-spread use in the lattice Boltzmann community. It covers a large range of applications and specializes on multi-phase flow, flow throu ...rn alternative to classical CFD. It models a fluid through kinetic theory (a statistical theory of molecular motion) and offers computational efficiency
  1 KB (163 words) - 15:05, 3 April 2013
• Basic aspects of discretization
  The general idea behind discretization is to break a domain into a mesh, and then replace derivatives in the governing equation with differenc
  1 KB (219 words) - 04:34, 21 May 2014
• Structural modeling
  ... divide the modeled SGS stress into a model for the SGS kinetic energy and a model for the structure of the SGS stress tensor (relative weights of each or use a zero-equation procedure (Lu and Porte-Agel, 2010) to estimate the SGS kinet
  3 KB (421 words) - 20:10, 27 June 2013
• Gresho vortex
  The Gresho problem [1] is a rotating vortex problem independent of time for the case of [[inviscid flow Miczek [2] modified the setup by introducing a reference [[Mach number]]. Pressure is scaled such that the rotation acts o
  4 KB (529 words) - 09:25, 4 February 2014
• Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics
  ...f a reactor can safely operate while driven solely by natural circulation, a significant increase in reactor safety can be achieved. CFD is of great int
  934 B (141 words) - 16:45, 11 October 2013
• Dune
  DUNE, the Distributed and Unified Numerics Environment is a modular C++ toolbox for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) with DUNE is free software licensed under the GPL (version 2) with a so called "runtime exception" (see license). This licence is similar to the
  2 KB (335 words) - 16:01, 5 April 2014
• COVISE
  ...mulation Environment is a general purpose modular visualization system wit a focus on visualization in Virtual and Augmented Reality.
  416 B (64 words) - 16:01, 8 February 2015
• Sample code for BiCGSTAB - Fortran 90
  function BiCGStab(A,b) result(x) real (kind=wp), intent(in ) :: A (:,:)
  6 KB (451 words) - 07:14, 9 May 2018
• TwinMesh
  TwinMesh is a [[Meshing|meshing]] software developed by CFX Berlin Software GmbH, Germany * Option to fix the nodes along the rotors, which results in a general interface between the rotor meshes.
  5 KB (676 words) - 09:51, 29 November 2023
• SimFlow
  simFlow is a commercial CFD program with free version available to download and try with
  281 B (38 words) - 08:27, 13 April 2016
• CONVERGE FAQ
  ...of a surface geometry and input parameters) in CONVERGE Studio can provide a useful starting point for your own cases.''' ... the machine. For best performance, disable hyper-threading before running a CONVERGE simulation.
  85 KB (13,492 words) - 15:51, 10 August 2020
• OpenPALM
  ''OpenPALM'' (Projet d'Assimilation par Logiciel Multimethodes) is a software allowing the concurrent execution and the intercommunication of pr
  288 B (39 words) - 14:29, 26 January 2018
• PreCICE
  ''preCICE'' (precise Code Interaction Coupling Environment) is a (free) coupling library for partitioned multi-physics simulations, includin
  373 B (45 words) - 14:35, 26 January 2018
• Azore
  ...ully parallel for HPC use. Azore is a cross platform application offering a distribution for Windows® , MacOS® , and Linux®.
  2 KB (315 words) - 00:26, 25 June 2018
• CaNS
  == CaNS -- A code for fast, massively-parallel direct numerical simulations (DNS) of can ...FT-based solver for the second-order finite-difference Poisson equation in a 3D Cartesian grid. In two directions the grid is regular and the solver sup
  823 B (116 words) - 19:39, 11 July 2019
• Social media and online groups
  Places to ask or answer a question ...udes the [https://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/ CFD-Online discussion forums] a directory of other online forums and communities [https://www.cfd-online.co
  2 KB (203 words) - 02:14, 3 August 2019
• Laminar flow over backward facing step
  To validate laminar flow over a backward facing step domain, one can have the base results from the followi [1] B.F. Armaly, A. Li, J.H. Nie, Measurements in Three-Dimensional Laminar Separated Flow, In
  308 B (44 words) - 03:01, 2 December 2019
• FEATool Multiphysics
  '''FEATool Multiphysics''' is a fully integrated multiphysics modeling and engineering simulation environme A unique strength of FEATool is its ability to account for coupled physics ph
  1 KB (165 words) - 04:28, 5 March 2020
• SimWorks
  ...l established open-source simulation tools like OpenFOAM® integrated into a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
  689 B (87 words) - 14:47, 2 March 2021
• RWIND Simulation
  RWIND Simulation is a commercial CFD program developped by Dlubal Software for numerical simulati
  678 B (76 words) - 05:32, 22 December 2020
• Wray-Agarwal(WA) Turbulence Model
  The Wray-Agarwal (WA 2017m) model is a one-equation linear eddy viscosity model that was derived from two-equation ...uthor=X. Han, T. J. Wray, and R. K. Agarwal|year=2017|title=Application of a New DES Model Based on Wray-Agarwal Turbulence Model for Simulation of Wall
  3 KB (458 words) - 17:19, 19 February 2021
• Wray-Agarwal(WA) turbulence Model
  The Wray-Agarwal (WA 2017m) model is a one-equation linear eddy viscosity model that was derived from two-equation ...uthor=X. Han, T. J. Wray, and R. K. Agarwal|year=2017|title=Application of a New DES Model Based on Wray-Agarwal Turbulence Model for Simulation of Wall
  3 KB (458 words) - 16:36, 19 February 2021
• Shuai-Agarwal Turbulence Model
  *{{reference-paper|author= S. Shuai and R. K. Agarwal|year=2020| title=A New Improved One-Equation Turbulence Model Based on k-kL Closure|rest= AIAA
  4 KB (611 words) - 02:52, 8 April 2021
• Shuai-Agarwal turbulence Model
  *{{reference-paper|author= S. Shuai and R. K. Agarwal|year=2020| title=A New Improved One-Equation Turbulence Model Based on k-kL Closure|rest= AIAA
  4 KB (617 words) - 19:43, 10 April 2021
• Ennova
  ... mesh generation, solver setup, and visualization. Ennova does not include a CFD solver, but coupled with one (such as OpenFOAM) provides a complete modern, distributed, scalable CFD package.
  3 KB (449 words) - 19:34, 15 February 2023
• ICEMCFD
  ...l developed by ICEM CFD Engineering in Berkeley, California. It started as a plug-in to the ICEM DDN package from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control ...html Robert Rainsberger] at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and a user interface [https://journals.sfu.ca/ts/index.php/ts/article/view/318 MU
  1 KB (177 words) - 13:39, 17 February 2023