[EVBUCF]

This may be a simple question but it is tripping me up. I am solving for the coefficient of lift/drag/moment on a 3D model of a Boeing x-48B and was curious which reference area and reference length to use? I understand the lift direction to be the direction perpendicular to the aircraft's top surface and the drag direction straight into the nose of the aircraft.

For the reference area, am I to use only the area of one wing or both? Since the X-48B is a blended wing body, if I select the area of both wings then that will essentially be the entire aircraft body area.

Also, do I only find the area of the bottom surface of the wing, or the entire surface area top and bottom?

Is this reference area the same for drag as lift?

As far as the reference length to be used for the moment coefficient where do I measure from? The X-48B has swept wings which are blended into the body of the aircraft so this confuses me as well. I attached an image where I labelled 3 possible lengths. Which one should I use? (A,B, or C)

I am using the following function:

functions
{
forces
{
type
forceCoeffs;
functionObjectLibs ( "libforces.so" );
outputControl timeStep;
outputInterval 1;
patches
(
plane
);
pName p;
UName U;
rhoName rhoInf;
log true;
rhoInf 1;
CofR ( 0 0 0 );
liftDir ( 0 1 0 );
dragDir ( 0 0 -1 );
pitchAxis ( 1 0 0 );
magUInf 10;
lRef 1;
Aref 1;
}
}

[lovecraft22]

You can use whatever you want. For instance you could you your medium aerodynamic chord times your span (c in you figure) but it won't make any different… You can use half of it or you can use 1, the drag and the lift will still be the same, only your coefficients will change according to what you choose as a reference area…

[EVBUCF]

So I could just use a reference area and length of 1 to make it simple and then when I solve for Lift it will really be Lift per unit area? So to get the total lift on the aircraft I would have to multiply by the surface area of the aircraft?

Also I want to be sure I am correct with my thinking here. Is the lift direction perpendicular to the wing surface or is it always the vertical axis regardless of the angle of attack? I am doing tests at multiple angles of attack so I want to be certain I have these directions sorted out.

[Rider]

Originally Posted by EVBUCF

So I could just use a reference area and length of 1 to make it simple and then when I solve for Lift it will really be Lift per unit area? So to get the total lift on the aircraft I would have to multiply by the surface area of the aircraft?

Like lovecraft22 has said, "You can use whatever you want".

Drag force => D=0.5*rho*Sref*V^2*Cd.

So,
If you have Cd=0.2 with Sref=2 (m^2) or if you have Cd=0.4 with Sref=1 (m^2), then you will have the same results.

For exemple :
rho=1.225 (kg.m^-3), V=10 (m.s^-1), Cd=0.2, Sref=2 (m^2)
====> D=24.5 N

rho=1.225 (kg.m^-3), V=10 (m.s^-1), Cd=0.4, Sref=1 (m^2)
====> D=24.5 N

Originally Posted by EVBUCF

Also I want to be sure I am correct with my thinking here. Is the lift direction perpendicular to the wing surface or is it always the vertical axis regardless of the angle of attack? I am doing tests at multiple angles of attack so I want to be certain I have these directions sorted out.

The lift direction depends on the angle of attack. To be precise, they are in the aerodynamic marker.

[lovecraft22]

Actually the lift is defined as the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the flow direction and the drag is the force that has the same direction as the flow. So, if you rotate your plane around the pitch axis the lift and drag directions won't change.

[Rider]

I think we say the same thing.

We have two cases :
If you change the components of the velocity (and don't rotate the geometry), the lift and drag direction must change.
If you rotate the geometry, the lift and drag direction don't change.

With his question, I think that he wants to change the angle of attack like the first case.

[lovecraft22]

Yes, I thought of that actually… You are right, we are saying the same thing, that's why I said:

So, if you rotate your plane around the pitch axis the lift and drag directions won't change

and to summarize they will change if you change your flow direction.

[EVBUCF]

Thanks so much for your help guys! You all cleared up any doubts I had. Thanks again!

[nauman55]

sir can i have the 3d model of x48B i want to study the aerodynamic loads on it. if you can send me the 3d model at naumaneshanhashmi@gmail.com. i would extremely thankful to you.
regards

[hewei]

Originally Posted by lovecraft22

Actually the lift is defined as the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the flow direction and the drag is the force that has the same direction as the flow. So, if you rotate your plane around the pitch axis the lift and drag directions won't change.

HI is there some way to calculate the multi-element wing force coeffecient?
I write the function like this, but the openfoam just output the flap's coefficient not the total wing. so what should I do? thank you!
functions

{ forces

{

type forceCoeffs;

functionObjectLibs ( "libforces.so" );

outputControl timeStep;

outputInterval 1;

patches

(
wing_main
wing_flap
);


rhoName rhoInf;

log true;

rhoInf 1;

CofR ( 0 0 0 );

liftDir (0 1 0 );

dragDir ( 1 0 0 );

pitchAxis ( 0 0 1 );

magUInf 10;

lRef 1.0;

Aref 1.0;
}

[reza1111]

Hi,
I'm not sure. Instead of:

wing_main
wing_flap

try this:

"wing.*"

Hope this work.

Reza

[hewei]

Thank you Reza, I tried ,but failed, there must be sth wrong what I did, anyway thanks for your help.

Wei

Originally Posted by reza1111

Hi,
I'm not sure. Instead of:

wing_main
wing_flap

try this:

"wing.*"

Hope this work.

Reza

[reza1111]

Hi wei,
Try this:

 

"wing_*"
or
"wing*"

hope this works

the point is that where there are some walls with different names and the part of their names are same, we can refere to the part which is same and * symbole will include every words of the rest.