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September 13, 2021, 10:53 |
High skewness
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#1 |
New Member
Join Date: Sep 2021
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Hello everyone,
I have been practicing OpenFoam for about two months now and I am running a simple case to learn about meshing in openFoam. I have based my case on motorBike example as it sets up a virtual wind tunnel, but instead, I am meshing a simple disc titled in angle. The issue is, I have been getting high skewness, for example, skewness = 8.03729 with 74 highly skewed faces. I was able to reduce it to about Max skewness = 6.88809, 63 highly skew faces by manipulating the refinement level. What are some tricks that I can do to reduce the high skewness? I have attached an image of the regions where I have high skewness. The snappyHexMeshDict HTML Code:
/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ | ========= | | | \\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox | | \\ / O peration | Version: v1806 | | \\ / A nd | Web: www.OpenFOAM.com | | \\/ M anipulation | | \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ FoamFile { version 2.0; format ascii; class dictionary; object snappyHexMeshDict; } // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // // Which of the steps to run castellatedMesh true; snap true; addLayers true; // Geometry. Definition of all surfaces. All surfaces are of class // searchableSurface. // Surfaces are used // - to specify refinement for any mesh cell intersecting it // - to specify refinement for any mesh cell inside/outside/near // - to 'snap' the mesh boundary to the surface geometry { Disc.obj { type triSurfaceMesh; name Disc; } // Analytical shape; cylinder, sphere refinementBox { type searchableBox; //min ( 0.9 0.1 0.45); //max ( 1.35 0.4 0.56); min ( 1 0.04 0.45); max ( 1 1 0.55); } }; // Settings for the castellatedMesh generation. castellatedMeshControls { // Refinement parameters // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // If local number of cells is >= maxLocalCells on any processor // switches from from refinement followed by balancing // (current method) to (weighted) balancing before refinement. maxLocalCells 100000000; // Overall cell limit (approximately). Refinement will stop immediately // upon reaching this number so a refinement level might not complete. // Note that this is the number of cells before removing the part which // is not 'visible' from the keepPoint. The final number of cells might // actually be a lot less. maxGlobalCells 2000000000; // The surface refinement loop might spend lots of iterations refining just a // few cells. This setting will cause refinement to stop if <= minimumRefine // are selected for refinement. Note: it will at least do one iteration // (unless the number of cells to refine is 0) minRefinementCells 10; // Allow a certain level of imbalance during refining // (since balancing is quite expensive) // Expressed as fraction of perfect balance (= overall number of cells / // nProcs). 0=balance always. maxLoadUnbalance 0.10; // Number of buffer layers between different levels. // 1 means normal 2:1 refinement restriction, larger means slower // refinement. nCellsBetweenLevels 3; // Explicit feature edge refinement // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // Specifies a level for any cell intersected by its edges. // This is a featureEdgeMesh, read from constant/triSurface for now. features ( { file "Disc.eMesh"; level 4; } //{ // file "someLine.eMesh"; // level 2; //} ); // Surface based refinement // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // Specifies two levels for every surface. The first is the minimum level, // every cell intersecting a surface gets refined up to the minimum level. // The second level is the maximum level. Cells that 'see' multiple // intersections where the intersections make an // angle > resolveFeatureAngle get refined up to the maximum level. refinementSurfaces { Disc { // Surface-wise min and max refinement level level (4 5); } } // Resolve sharp angles resolveFeatureAngle 60; // Region-wise refinement // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // Specifies refinement level for cells in relation to a surface. One of // three modes // - distance. 'levels' specifies per distance to the surface the // wanted refinement level. The distances need to be specified in // descending order. // - inside. 'levels' is only one entry and only the level is used. All // cells inside the surface get refined up to the level. The surface // needs to be closed for this to be possible. // - outside. Same but cells outside. refinementRegions { refinementBox { mode inside; levels ((1E10 3)); } } // Mesh selection // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // After refinement patches get added for all refinementSurfaces and // all cells intersecting the surfaces get put into these patches. The // section reachable from the locationInMesh is kept. // NOTE: This point should never be on a face, always inside a cell, even // after refinement. //locationInMesh (1.25 0.25 0.21); locationInMesh (1.35 0.33 0.27); // Whether any faceZones (as specified in the refinementSurfaces) // are only on the boundary of corresponding cellZones or also allow // free-standing zone faces. Not used if there are no faceZones. allowFreeStandingZoneFaces false; } // Settings for the snapping. snapControls { //- Number of patch smoothing iterations before finding correspondence // to surface nSmoothPatch 2; //- Relative distance for points to be attracted by surface feature point // or edge. True distance is this factor times local // maximum edge length. tolerance 4.0; //- Number of mesh displacement relaxation iterations. nSolveIter 30; //- Maximum number of snapping relaxation iterations. Should stop // before upon reaching a correct mesh. nRelaxIter 5; nFeatureSnapIter 10; implicitFeatureSnap false; explicitFeatureSnap true; multiRegionFeatureSnap false; } // Settings for the layer addition. addLayersControls { // Are the thickness parameters below relative to the undistorted // size of the refined cell outside layer (true) or absolute sizes (false). relativeSizes true; // Per final patch (so not geometry!) the layer information layers { "(lowerWall|Disc).*" { nSurfaceLayers 5; //1 } "(upperWall|Disc).*" { nSurfaceLayers 5; //1 } } // Expansion factor for layer mesh expansionRatio 1.2; //1 // Wanted thickness of final added cell layer. If multiple layers // is the thickness of the layer furthest away from the wall. // Relative to undistorted size of cell outside layer. // See relativeSizes parameter. finalLayerThickness 0.3; // Minimum thickness of cell layer. If for any reason layer // cannot be above minThickness do not add layer. // Relative to undistorted size of cell outside layer. minThickness 0.1; // If points get not extruded do nGrow layers of connected faces that are // also not grown. This helps convergence of the layer addition process // close to features. nGrow 0; // Advanced settings // When not to extrude surface. 0 is flat surface, 90 is when two faces // are perpendicular featureAngle 60; // Maximum number of snapping relaxation iterations. Should stop // before upon reaching a correct mesh. nRelaxIter 3; // Number of smoothing iterations of surface normals nSmoothSurfaceNormals 1; // Number of smoothing iterations of interior mesh movement direction nSmoothNormals 3; // Smooth layer thickness over surface patches nSmoothThickness 2; // Stop layer growth on highly warped cells maxFaceThicknessRatio 0.5; // Reduce layer growth where ratio thickness to medial // distance is large maxThicknessToMedialRatio 0.3; // Angle used to pick up medial axis points minMedianAxisAngle 90; // Create buffer region for new layer terminations nBufferCellsNoExtrude 0; // Overall max number of layer addition iterations nLayerIter 50; } // Generic mesh quality settings. At any undoable phase these determine // where to undo. meshQualityControls { //- Maximum non-orthogonality allowed. Set to 180 to disable. maxNonOrtho 65; //- Max skewness allowed. Set to <0 to disable. maxBoundarySkewness 20; maxInternalSkewness 4; //- Max concaveness allowed. Is angle (in degrees) below which concavity // is allowed. 0 is straight face, <0 would be convex face. // Set to 180 to disable. maxConcave 80; //- Minimum projected area v.s. actual area. Set to -1 to disable. minFlatness 0.5; //- Minimum pyramid volume. Is absolute volume of cell pyramid. // Set to a sensible fraction of the smallest cell volume expected. // Set to very negative number (e.g. -1E30) to disable. minVol 1e-13; minTetQuality 1e-30; //- Minimum face area. Set to <0 to disable. minArea -1; //- Minimum face twist. Set to <-1 to disable. dot product of face normal // and face centre triangles normal minTwist 0.02; //- Minimum normalised cell determinant // 1 = hex, <= 0 = folded or flattened illegal cell minDeterminant 0.001; //- minFaceWeight (0 -> 0.5) minFaceWeight 0.02; //- minVolRatio (0 -> 1) minVolRatio 0.01; //must be >0 for Fluent compatibility minTriangleTwist -1; // Advanced //- Number of error distribution iterations nSmoothScale 4; //- Amount to scale back displacement at error points errorReduction 0.75; } // Advanced // Merge tolerance. Is fraction of overall bounding box of initial mesh. // Note: the write tolerance needs to be higher than this. mergeTolerance 1E-6; // ************************************************************************* // |
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September 13, 2021, 12:56 |
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#2 |
Senior Member
M
Join Date: Dec 2017
Posts: 703
Rep Power: 13 |
After a short look it seems you have done very well. These edges are a critical point here with this tilted body. Out of the blue I don't have a recommendation, but would point out, that in terms of skewness, the default setting is quite restrictive. Most simulations will run just fine up to a skewness of 8 to 12.
If the high skewness results from collapsing boundary layers, you can perhaps improve by using the alternative laplacian mesh shrinker. |
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September 13, 2021, 16:40 |
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#3 |
New Member
Join Date: Sep 2021
Posts: 4
Rep Power: 5 |
Thank you AtoHM for your input, much appreciated. I am not familiar with the alternative laplacian mesh shrinker, would you recommend a source in which I can read about it?
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September 14, 2021, 02:08 |
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#4 |
Senior Member
M
Join Date: Dec 2017
Posts: 703
Rep Power: 13 |
There are some remarks here: https://www.openfoam.com/documentati...sh-layers.html
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