Hi,

I am using the unsteady panel mtds to model flapping wings. However, I know that's not appropriate since at high AOA, flow separation takes place. Does anyone knows of ways which can include flow separation or even viscous effects to my current panel code? I've heard of VII (viscous inviscid interaction) but they don't seem to be very popular now. Can someone comment on it. Is there any other ways?

Thanks alot!

can any please suggest me to model reynold,s stress using Prandtls mixing length for plane courtte flow. thanks, raja kumar e

The general idea is usually to model the shear layer, produced by separation, also with panels. And yes, you need something like VII to predict separation point/line.