[lWiNdY]

As commonly known, and easily illustrated using actuator disk theory, the pressure upstream of a wind turbine increases as one gets closer to the turbine.

Suppose one is modelling the turbine using a vortex lattice method which gives the wake structure with shed and trailing vorticity in the form of vortex rings. Is it possible to calculate the pressure on the whole disk? For example at higher tip speed ratios (TSR>8), wind turbines clearly start to behave as a porous disk whereas vortex lattice methods are only concerned with the blade and its wake.

Especially, when the turbine is yawed it appears that next to the blade itself the 'actuator disk' behaves as a lifting surface as seen in the figure attached [1]

Are vortex lattice methods able to capture these flow phenomena?

[1] F. Houtin—Mongrolle et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1934 012011