i was confused by the difference between the abstract and the conclusion.

regards!

In my experience, the ABSTRACT is a very short synopsis of the entire paper without giving any specifics, thus making people read the paper to find out exactly what you did. It basically says what you are going to do, how you did it, and what you found without going into the details. The CONCLUSION sums up what you did and what you found in more detail. It more or less sums up the Results..ie, "By studying the flow through porous media at various Reynolds numbers and various heat input, it was determined that the local thermal equilibrium model was the correct model to use when studying the heat transfer characteristics of porous media."

thank you very much!

but how to distill the keywords

regards

There should be a little more to the abstract than Andrew H. indicated.

First your title should be interesting enough that someone looking over the list of titles in an issue of a journal will want to look inside and read the abstract.

Then the abstract should be interesting and informative enough that they will start to read the introduction.

Then the introduction should be interesting enough that they will want to continue reading.

It is not sufficient to do good technical work if no one becomes interested enough to go through the work of reading and understanding it.