[lionxx]

Hello, everyone!
I am simulating gas-liquid-solid three-phase mass transfer. Also I want to simulate the aggregation and breakage of bubbles, but I am distressed with the fact that after adding the PBM model I find that there is a bubble particle size distribution and liquid velocity above the liquid surface yet I can't monitor the liquid phase volume fraction.

Now, I'm not sure what is wrong. All I know is that the above problem occurs when I use PBM model. I have tried using udf to suppress the liquid velocity above the liquid level but it doesn't help. I have also tried modifying the mesh and using higher order discretization to reduce numerical diffusion but that didn't help either.

So the question is how to avoid having liquid velocity and bubble particle size distribution above the liquid surface when using PBM

Here is the specific setup for my simulation: an Eulerian multiphase flow model with a mixture of gas-liquid-solid phases, with a liquid phase (water + liquid toluene) in the primary phase, and gas (air + gaseous toluene) and solid phases (silicon + liquid toluene) in the secondary phase, with gas-liquid, gas-solid, and liquid-solid mass transfer.

Thanks in advance for your patience.