[Chris89]

Hi,
I’m new in working with ANSYS CFX. I searched this forum for clarifying my issue but I did not find a real solution. So I will explain what I want to do.
I want to do a thermal analysis of a rough board in space. For the first approach I just want to irradiate this board from the sun in the distance of 1AU (sun-earth distance). The board should absorb this radiation in the solar spectrum and emit it in the infrared spectrum. I want to check this easy case of radiation modeling with the calculations I did by my own before I start with the harder simulation. The reason why I use CFX is because of directional radiation. I want to analyze the rough board later for hot spots due to reflections. That is not possible with the thermal steady-state analysis of ANSYS according to the support.
At first I want to create the surrounding area close to reality. Therefore I created a box for the vacuum (see attached picture). This domain is defined as a fluid with Air at 25 C (I switched to “false” for solving fluids). In this domain is my board, defined as a solid domain which is connected by a fluid-solid interface with the “vacuum”. My radiation flux at 1AU is about 1367 W/m^2. Therefore I defined a Radiation Source with a Directional Radiation Flux of the mentioned value at the boundary of the fluid domain. Additionally I fixed the temperature (3 K) of the walls of the fluid domain for the heat transfer and set the initial temperature of the board to 273 K. I am using Monte Carlo on both sides of the interface for thermal radiation. Solid and Fluid domain are participating medias. Do you think my definitions for the simulations are correct by now?
Here comes my real problem with CFX. As I said, I want to absorb and emit in different spectra. I have totally no idea how I can define this correctly in CFX!? I read something like the emissivity is derived by the absorption coefficient. So I tried to get this connection but I just found information about the “Einstein coefficients” which are not that easy to understand. Is there another possibility to define values like emissivity, absorptivity, transmittance and reflectivity or how should the absorption coefficient defined? I also read that for example the absorptivity is defined in CFX by “absorptivity= diffuse fraction* internal emissivity”. But the internal emissivity is not the same like you can define for the “Opaque” option. Maybe I have to work more on understanding thermal radiation or can you help me?!

So all in all my two questions are:

• Are my basic conditions correctly defined? If not, what should I change?
• Is it possible to define the mentioned values like emissivity, absorptivity and so on for my board (material: aluminum)? If yes, how ?

If you need more information please let me know.

Best regards,
Chris

Edit: I forgot to post a part of the data from the output-file, sorry.

LIBRARY:
MATERIAL: Air at 25 C
Material Description = Air at 25 C and 1 atm (dry)
Material Group = Air Data, Constant Property Gases
Option = Pure Substance
Thermodynamic State = Gas
PROPERTIES:
Option = General Material
EQUATION OF STATE:
Density = 1.185 [kg m^-3]
Molar Mass = 28.96 [kg kmol^-1]
Option = Value
END
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:
Option = Value
Specific Heat Capacity = 1.0044E+03 [J kg^-1 K^-1]
Specific Heat Type = Constant Pressure
END
REFERENCE STATE:
Option = Specified Point
Reference Pressure = 1 [atm]
Reference Specific Enthalpy = 0. [J/kg]
Reference Specific Entropy = 0. [J/kg/K]
Reference Temperature = 25 [C]
END
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY:
Dynamic Viscosity = 1.831E-05 [kg m^-1 s^-1]
Option = Value
END
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
Option = Value
Thermal Conductivity = 2.61E-02 [W m^-1 K^-1]
END
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Absorption Coefficient = 0.01 [m^-1]
Option = Value
END
SCATTERING COEFFICIENT:
Option = Value
Scattering Coefficient = 0.0 [m^-1]
END
REFRACTIVE INDEX:
Option = Value
Refractive Index = 1.0 [m m^-1]
END
THERMAL EXPANSIVITY:
Option = Value
Thermal Expansivity = 0.003356 [K^-1]
END
END
END
MATERIAL: Aluminium
Material Group = CHT Solids,Particle Solids
Option = Pure Substance
Thermodynamic State = Solid
PROPERTIES:
Option = General Material
EQUATION OF STATE:
Density = 2702 [kg m^-3]
Molar Mass = 26.98 [kg kmol^-1]
Option = Value
END
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:
Option = Value
Specific Heat Capacity = 9.03E+02 [J kg^-1 K^-1]
END
REFERENCE STATE:
Option = Specified Point
Reference Specific Enthalpy = 0 [J/kg]
Reference Specific Entropy = 0 [J/kg/K]
Reference Temperature = 25 [C]
END
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
Option = Value
Thermal Conductivity = 237 [W m^-1 K^-1]
END
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Absorption Coefficient = 0.0001 [mm^-1]
Option = Value
END
END
END
END
FLOW: Flow Analysis 1
SOLUTION UNITS:
Angle Units = [rad]
Length Units = [m]
Mass Units = [kg]
Solid Angle Units = [sr]
Temperature Units = [K]
Time Units = [s]
END
ANALYSIS TYPE:
Option = Steady State
EXTERNAL SOLVER COUPLING:
Option = None
END
END
DOMAIN: Platte
Coord Frame = Coord 0
Domain Type = Solid
Location = B18
BOUNDARY: Default Fluid Solid Interface Side 1 1
Boundary Type = INTERFACE
Location = F19.18,F20.18,F21.18,F22.18,F23.18,F24.18
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
HEAT TRANSFER:
Option = Conservative Interface Flux
END
THERMAL RADIATION:
Diffuse Fraction = 1.
Emissivity = 1.
Option = Opaque
END
END
END
DOMAIN MODELS:
DOMAIN MOTION:
Option = Stationary
END
MESH DEFORMATION:
Option = None
END
END
INITIALISATION:
Option = Automatic
INITIAL CONDITIONS:
RADIATION INTENSITY:
Option = Automatic
END
TEMPERATURE:
Option = Automatic with Value
Temperature = 273 [K]
END
END
END
SOLID DEFINITION: Solid 1
Material = Aluminium
Option = Material Library
MORPHOLOGY:
Option = Continuous Solid
END
END
SOLID MODELS:
HEAT TRANSFER MODEL:
Option = Thermal Energy
END
THERMAL RADIATION MODEL:
Number of Histories = 100000
Option = Monte Carlo
Radiation Transfer Mode = Participating Media
SCATTERING MODEL:
Option = None
END
SPECTRAL MODEL:
Option = Gray
END
END
END
END
DOMAIN: Umgebung
Coord Frame = Coord 0
Domain Type = Fluid
Location = B57
BOUNDARY: Default Fluid Solid Interface Side 1
Boundary Type = INTERFACE
Location = F64.57,F65.57,F66.57,F67.57,F68.57,F69.57
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
HEAT TRANSFER:
Option = Conservative Interface Flux
END
MASS AND MOMENTUM:
Option = No Slip Wall
END
THERMAL RADIATION:
Diffuse Fraction = 0
Emissivity = 1.
Option = Opaque
END
END
END
BOUNDARY: Grenze
Boundary Type = WALL
Location = F58.57,F59.57,F60.57,F61.57,F62.57
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
HEAT TRANSFER:
Fixed Temperature = 3 [K]
Option = Fixed Temperature
END
MASS AND MOMENTUM:
Option = No Slip Wall
END
THERMAL RADIATION:
Diffuse Fraction = 0
Emissivity = 1.
Option = Opaque
END
END
END
BOUNDARY: Quelle
Boundary Type = WALL
Location = F63.57
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
HEAT TRANSFER:
Fixed Temperature = 3 [K]
Option = Fixed Temperature
END
MASS AND MOMENTUM:
Option = No Slip Wall
END
THERMAL RADIATION:
Diffuse Fraction = 0
Emissivity = 1.
Option = Opaque
END
END
BOUNDARY SOURCE:
SOURCES:
RADIATION SOURCE: Radiation Source 1
Option = Directional Radiation Flux
Radiation Flux = 1367 [W m^-2]
DIRECTION:
Option = Cartesian Components
Unit Vector X Component = 0
Unit Vector Y Component = 0
Unit Vector Z Component = -1
END
END
END
END
END

[Chris89]

And the rest:

DOMAIN MODELS:
BUOYANCY MODEL:
Option = Non Buoyant
END
DOMAIN MOTION:
Option = Stationary
END
MESH DEFORMATION:
Option = None
END
REFERENCE PRESSURE:
Reference Pressure = 1 [atm]
END
END
FLUID DEFINITION: Fluid 1
Material = Air at 25 C
Option = Material Library
MORPHOLOGY:
Option = Continuous Fluid
END
END
FLUID MODELS:
COMBUSTION MODEL:
Option = None
END
HEAT TRANSFER MODEL:
Option = Thermal Energy
END
THERMAL RADIATION MODEL:
Number of Histories = 100000
Option = Monte Carlo
Radiation Transfer Mode = Participating Media
SCATTERING MODEL:
Option = None
END
SPECTRAL MODEL:
Option = Gray
END
END
TURBULENCE MODEL:
Option = Laminar
END
END
INITIALISATION:
Option = Automatic
INITIAL CONDITIONS:
Velocity Type = Cartesian
CARTESIAN VELOCITY COMPONENTS:
Option = Automatic
END
RADIATION INTENSITY:
Option = Automatic
END
STATIC PRESSURE:
Option = Automatic with Value
Relative Pressure = 0 [Pa]
END
TEMPERATURE:
Option = Automatic
END
END
END
END
DOMAIN INTERFACE: Default Fluid Solid Interface
Boundary List1 = Default Fluid Solid Interface Side 1 1
Boundary List2 = Default Fluid Solid Interface Side 1
Interface Type = Fluid Solid
INTERFACE MODELS:
Option = General Connection
FRAME CHANGE:
Option = None
END
HEAT TRANSFER:
Option = Conservative Interface Flux
HEAT TRANSFER INTERFACE MODEL:
Option = None
END
END
PITCH CHANGE:
Option = None
END
THERMAL RADIATION:
Option = Side Dependent
END
END
MESH CONNECTION:
Option = Automatic
END
END
OUTPUT CONTROL:
RESULTS:
File Compression Level = Default
Option = Standard
END
END
SOLVER CONTROL:
ADVECTION SCHEME:
Option = High Resolution
END
CONVERGENCE CONTROL:
Length Scale Option = Conservative
Maximum Number of Iterations = 200
Minimum Number of Iterations = 10
Solid Timescale Control = Auto Timescale
Timescale Control = Auto Timescale
Timescale Factor = 1.0
END
CONVERGENCE CRITERIA:
Conservation Target = 0.01
Residual Target = 1.E-4
Residual Type = RMS
END
DYNAMIC MODEL CONTROL:
Global Dynamic Model Control = On
END
THERMAL RADIATION CONTROL:
Iteration Interval = 5
COARSENING CONTROL:
Target Coarsening Rate = 4
END
END
END
EXPERT PARAMETERS:
solve fluids = f
solve radiation = t
END
END
COMMAND FILE:
Version = 14.5
Results Version = 14.5.7
END
SIMULATION CONTROL:
EXECUTION CONTROL:
EXECUTABLE SELECTION:
Double Precision = On
END
INTERPOLATOR STEP CONTROL:
Runtime Priority = Standard
MEMORY CONTROL:
Memory Allocation Factor = 1.0
END
END
PARALLEL HOST LIBRARY:
HOST DEFINITION: ry000391
Remote Host Name = RY-000391
Host Architecture String = winnt-amd64
Installation Root = C:\Program Files\ANSYS1457\v%v\CFX
END
END
PARTITIONER STEP CONTROL:
Multidomain Option = Independent Partitioning
Runtime Priority = Standard
EXECUTABLE SELECTION:
Use Large Problem Partitioner = Off
END
MEMORY CONTROL:
Memory Allocation Factor = 1.0
END
PARTITIONING TYPE:
MeTiS Type = k-way
Option = MeTiS
Partition Size Rule = Automatic
Partition Weight Factors = 0.50000, 0.50000
END
END
RUN DEFINITION:
Run Mode = Full
Solver Input File = Fluiddynamik CFX.def
END
SOLVER STEP CONTROL:
Runtime Priority = Standard
MEMORY CONTROL:
Memory Allocation Factor = 1.0
END
PARALLEL ENVIRONMENT:
Number of Processes = 2
Start Method = Platform MPI Local Parallel
Parallel Host List = ry000391*2
END
END
END
END

[Chris89]

Update:

I changed the boundary conditions of the vacuum to "openings" and set the opening pressure to 0 Pa and the opening temperature to 3 K. If I choose opaque for the domain interface with an emissivity of 1 I get the correct value for the temperature after adjusting the absorption coefficient. My problem regarding the absorptivity and emissivity is still present. For the first approach I know my ratio from the absorptivity to the emissivity. Therefore if I can set the emissivity to 1 I can multiply my incoming radiation flux with the ratio. That's ok for testing but because of the defined option opaque, the aluminum plate would not be considered. So I have to define also the reflectivity and transmissivity because I want to analyze a specimen with wrinkles. I already read the theory behind radiation modeling from ANSYS CFX but I have still no clue how CFX derives my desired values with the help of the absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, the refractive index and the radiative transfer equation.

Some radiation experts or non-radiation experts out there who can help me?

Best regards,
Chris

P.S. Ordered "Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer" from Siegel and Howell. If I get the solution, I let you know. But if someone has an idea for the solution please post it .

[Opaque]

Below is sample CFX command language code on how to implement a spectral property for a thermal radiation model

You can use 1D interpolation functions, or write your own expression with step functions (or logical CEL if you like as well).

The main points are
- Gather your spectral data
- Decide how many spectral intervals you need
- Create either expressions, or 1D-interp functions
- Activate the multiband spectral model
- Create as many spectral intervals you decided for this simulation
- Use the expressions or function on the appropriate sections: emissivity at boundaries, absorption coefficients for materials, or even radiation fluxes at boundary sources (check with ANSYS support here for care on setting up spectral sources)

 
LIBRARY:
  CEL :
#
#  Example interpolation function for spectral property as a function of
#  frequency
#  
    FUNCTION: MatSpectralAbsorption
      Argument Units = [s^-1]
      Option = Interpolation
      Result Units = [m^-1]
      INTERPOLATION DATA:
        Data Pairs = \
          3e+013   , 0.98, \
          4.25e+013, 0.98, \
          4.26e+013, 0.7, \
          4.99e+013, 0.7, \
          5e+013   , 0.29,\
          5.99e+013, 0.29, \
          6e+013   , 0.08, \
          3e+014   , 0.08
        Extend Max = On
        Extend Min = On
        Option = One Dimensional
      END
    END
#
#  Example using expressions with step function
#    
    EXPRESSIONS :
#    
#  Limit for the wavelength intervals of interest
#
      WavlLow  = 1.E-02 [micron]
      Wavl1    = 4.E-01 [micron]
      Wavl2    = 7.E-01 [micron]
      Wavl3    = 1.E+02 [micron]
      WavlHigh = 1.E+10 [micron]
#    
#  Dimensionless wavelength variables, including CEL wavelo
#
      wavlLow  = WavlLow * 1[m^-1]
      wavl1    = Wavl1 * 1[m^-1]
      wavl2    = Wavl2 * 1[m^-1]
      wavl3    = Wavl3 * 1[m^-1]
      wavl4    = Wavl4 * 1[m^-1]
      wavl5    = Wavl5 * 1[m^-1]
      wavlHigh = WavlHigh * 1[m^-1]
      wavldim  = wavelo * 1[m^-1]
#
#  Interpolation weights to describe spectral property as a function of
#  wavelegth
#
      int1 =  step(wavl1   -wavldim)
      int2 = (step(wavl2   -wavldim)-step(wavl1-wavldim))
      int3 = (step(wavl3   -wavldim)-step(wavl2-wavldim))
      int4 = (step(wavlHigh-wavldim)-step(wavl3-wavldim))
#
#  Values of spectral property on each interval
#
      prop1 = ...
      prop2 = ...     
      prop3 = ...
      prop4 = ... 
#
      SpectralProp = (prop1 * int1 + prop2 * int2 + \
                      prop3 * int3 + prop3 * int4)
    END
  END

  THERMAL RADIATION MODEL:
    ...   
    SPECTRAL MODEL:
      Option = Multiband
      SPECTRAL BAND: UV
        Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
        Wavelength Lower Limit = WavlLow
        Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl1
      END
      SPECTRAL BAND: Visible
        Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
        Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl1
        Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl2
      END
      SPECTRAL BAND: Thermal
        Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
        Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl2
        Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl3
      END
      SPECTRAL BAND: Microwave
        Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
        Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl3
        Wavelength Upper Limit = WavlHigh
      END
    END
    ...
  END
#  
#  Usage for emissivity  
#
  THERMAL RADIATION:
    Option = Opaque
    Emissivity = SpectralProp
    Diffuse Fraction = ...
  END
#  
#  Usage for absorption coefficient of material
#

MATERIAL: ...
  PROPERTIES:
    ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:
      Absorption Coefficient = MatSpectralAbsorption(freq)
      Option = Value
    END
  END  
END

Hope the above helps,

[Chris89]

Hi Opaque,

Thank you very much for the response. I will implement the code and adjust it to my purposes.
I think this definition will work for the different spectra in absorption and emission.
But unfortunately I am still confused regarding the relation between the absorption coefficient with the absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity .
But I will work on this problem until I got it or one of you can explain this correlation .

Regards,
Chris

[Opaque]

Another good book to read is Radiative Heat Transfer by Michael Modest. I think the 3rd edition is the most recent.

The vocabulary used in the radiation literature varies greatly between areas of application, and groups. Many times you must understand the meaning from the context.

Overall, you can assume all media absorb, emit and scatter radiative energy. Some media absorbs so much in a very short length that there is no point to model the volumetric effects, and they can be reduced to surface effects. One you are modeling them as surfaces, the interaction at surfaces are split into 2 types: self, and external. Self is emission, external is what happens to the incoming energy: reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. The last 3 must add up to the total incoming amount; therefore, their relative contribution can be represented as fractions: absortptiv-ity(tance or alpha), reflect-ivity(ance or rho), and transmit-ivity(ance or tau). They are not independent, and usually you only need to 1 of them:

- Opaque : tau = 0, rho = 1 - alpha
- Semi-transparent: alpha = 0, rho = 1 - tau
- Mirror: tau = 1, rho = alpha = 0
- Black : alpha = 1, rho = 0, tau = 0

For practical applications, the surface "properties" (no such a thing since they depend on surface quality as well as material) can be found on handbook, technical literature, or material providers.

The relation between the 3 above, and emissivity is only simple for the monochromatic (or spectral) case, where by Kirchoff law emissivity = absorptivity. Once the spectral approximations (such a gray) are used, their relationship is not straightforward, but for rough estimates you can just assume Kirchoff law always applies, and refine your approximation if needed.

When talking about non-gray (or spectral) modeling, there has been the tendency to use the word emittance for volumetric effects (which definitely depends on the absorption coefficient and other thermodynamic variables), but it is not the same as emissivity at a surface.

Hope the above helps,

[Chris89]

Thank you again for your detailed reply .

Ok, so in my case I think the definition of an opaque boundary should fit because the transmissivity is negligible. But because this simulaion is for a space application with an absorptivity in the solar spectrum and an emissivity in the infrared spectrum it is unfortunately not possible for me to assume Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation is valid.
I assume for the transfer mode "surface to surface" CFX calculates the solution with absorptivity=emissivity without any other specifications in the settings!? Therefore I think I have to work on the spectral approximation.

Thank you for the recommendation of the book. If the ordered book, which hopefully will be delivered next week, does not solve the problem I will order Radiative Heat Transfer .

Best regards

[Chris89]

Now I solved the problem with the help of your advices Opaque. Special thanks to you!!

Here the important informations of the output file for those who want to do the same.

 LIBRARY:
   CEL:
     EXPRESSIONS:
       SpectralProp = (prop1 * int1 + prop2 * int2 + prop3 * int3 + prop3 * \
         int4)
       Wavl1 = 4.E-01 [micron]
       Wavl2 = 7.E-01 [micron]
       Wavl3 = 1.E+02 [micron]
       WavlHigh = 1.E+10 [micron]
       WavlLow = 1.E-02 [micron]
       flux3 = (rad1*int1+rad2*int2+rad3*int3+rad4*int4)
       int1 = step(wavl1 -wavldim)
       int2 = (step(wavl2 -wavldim)-step(wavl1-wavldim))
       int3 = (step(wavl3 -wavldim)-step(wavl2-wavldim))
       int4 = (step(wavlHigh-wavldim)-step(wavl3-wavldim))
       prop1 = 0
       prop2 = 0.093
       prop3 = 0.015
       rad1 = 0 [W/m^2]
       rad2 = 1367 [W/m^2]
       rad3 = 350 [W/m^2]
       rad4 = 0 [W/m^2]
       wavl1 = Wavl1*1[m^-1]
       wavl2 = Wavl2*1[m^-1]
       wavl3 = Wavl3*1[m^-1]
       wavlHigh = WavlHigh*1[m^-1]
       wavlLow = WavlLow*1[m^-1]
       wavldim = wavelo*1[m^-1]
     END
   END
   MATERIAL: Air at 25 C
     Material Description = Air at 25 C and 1 atm (dry)
     Material Group = Air Data, Constant Property Gases
     Option = Pure Substance
     Thermodynamic State = Gas
     PROPERTIES:
       Option = General Material
       EQUATION OF STATE:
         Density = 1.185 [kg m^-3]
         Molar Mass = 28.96 [kg kmol^-1]
         Option = Value
       END
       SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:
         Option = Value
         Specific Heat Capacity = 1.0044E+03 [J kg^-1 K^-1]
         Specific Heat Type = Constant Pressure
       END
       REFERENCE STATE:
         Option = Specified Point
         Reference Pressure = 1 [atm]
         Reference Specific Enthalpy = 0. [J/kg]
         Reference Specific Entropy = 0. [J/kg/K]
         Reference Temperature = 25 [C]
       END
       DYNAMIC VISCOSITY:
         Dynamic Viscosity = 1.831E-05 [kg m^-1 s^-1]
         Option = Value
       END
       THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
         Option = Value
         Thermal Conductivity = 2.61E-02 [W m^-1 K^-1]
       END
       ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:
         Absorption Coefficient = 0.01 [m^-1]
         Option = Value
       END
       SCATTERING COEFFICIENT:
         Option = Value
         Scattering Coefficient = 0.0 [m^-1]
       END
       REFRACTIVE INDEX:
         Option = Value
         Refractive Index = 1.0 [m m^-1]
       END
       THERMAL EXPANSIVITY:
         Option = Value
         Thermal Expansivity = 0.003356 [K^-1]
       END
     END
   END
   MATERIAL: Aluminium
     Material Group = CHT Solids,Particle Solids
     Option = Pure Substance
     Thermodynamic State = Solid
     PROPERTIES:
       Option = General Material
       EQUATION OF STATE:
         Density = 2702 [kg m^-3]
         Molar Mass = 26.98 [kg kmol^-1]
         Option = Value
       END
       SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:
         Option = Value
         Specific Heat Capacity = 9.03E+02 [J kg^-1 K^-1]
       END
       REFERENCE STATE:
         Option = Specified Point
         Reference Specific Enthalpy = 0 [J/kg]
         Reference Specific Entropy = 0 [J/kg/K]
         Reference Temperature = 25 [C]
       END
       THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
         Option = Value
         Thermal Conductivity = 237 [W m^-1 K^-1]
       END
     END
   END
   MATERIAL: Polyimide
     Material Group = User
     Option = Pure Substance
     Thermodynamic State = Solid
     PROPERTIES:
       Option = General Material
       EQUATION OF STATE:
         Density = 1.42 [g cm^-3]
         Molar Mass = 34000 [g mol^-1]
         Option = Value
       END
       SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:
         Option = Value
         Specific Heat Capacity = 1090 [J kg^-1 K^-1]
       END
       THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
         Option = Value
         Thermal Conductivity = 225 [W m^-1 K^-1]
       END
     END
   END
 END
 FLOW: Flow Analysis 1
   SOLUTION UNITS:
     Angle Units = [rad]
     Length Units = [m]
     Mass Units = [kg]
     Solid Angle Units = [sr]
     Temperature Units = [K]
     Time Units = [s]
   END
   ANALYSIS TYPE:
     Option = Steady State
     EXTERNAL SOLVER COUPLING:
       Option = None
     END
   END
   DOMAIN: Platte
     Coord Frame = Coord 0
     Domain Type = Solid
     Location = B276
     BOUNDARY: Bestrahlte_Flaeche_Vakuum Side 2
       Boundary Type = INTERFACE
       Location = F279.276,F280.276,F281.276,F282.276,F283.276,F284.276
       BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
         HEAT TRANSFER:
           Option = Conservative Interface Flux
         END
       END
     END
     DOMAIN MODELS:
       DOMAIN MOTION:
         Option = Stationary
       END
       MESH DEFORMATION:
         Option = None
       END
     END
     SOLID DEFINITION: Solid 1
       Material = Polyimide
       Option = Material Library
       MORPHOLOGY:
         Option = Continuous Solid
       END
     END
     SOLID MODELS:
       HEAT TRANSFER MODEL:
         Option = Thermal Energy
       END
       THERMAL RADIATION MODEL:
         Number of Histories = 10000
         Option = Monte Carlo
         Radiation Transfer Mode = Surface to Surface
         SCATTERING MODEL:
           Option = None
         END
         SPECTRAL MODEL:
           Option = Multiband
           SPECTRAL BAND: Microwave
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl3
             Wavelength Upper Limit = WavlHigh
           END
           SPECTRAL BAND: Thermal
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl2
             Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl3
           END
           SPECTRAL BAND: UV
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = WavlLow
             Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl1
           END
           SPECTRAL BAND: Visible
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl1
             Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl2
           END
         END
       END
     END
   END
   DOMAIN: Umgebung
     Coord Frame = Coord 0
     Domain Type = Fluid
     Location = B103
     BOUNDARY: Bestrahlte_Flaeche_Vakuum Side 1
       Boundary Type = INTERFACE
       Location = F218.103,F219.103,F220.103,F221.103,F222.103,F223.103
       BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
         HEAT TRANSFER:
           Option = Conservative Interface Flux
         END
         MASS AND MOMENTUM:
           Option = No Slip Wall
         END
       END
     END
     BOUNDARY: Grenze
       Boundary Type = OPENING
       Location = F106.103,F107.103,F108.103,F109.103,F231.103
       BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
         FLOW REGIME:
           Option = Subsonic
         END
         HEAT TRANSFER:
           Opening Temperature = 3 [K]
           Option = Opening Temperature
         END
         MASS AND MOMENTUM:
           Option = Entrainment
           Relative Pressure = 0 [Pa]
           PRESSURE OPTION:
             Option = Opening Pressure
           END
         END
         THERMAL RADIATION:
           Option = Local Temperature
         END
       END
     END
     BOUNDARY: Strahlung
       Boundary Type = OPENING
       Location = F230.103
       BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
         FLOW REGIME:
           Option = Subsonic
         END
         HEAT TRANSFER:
           Opening Temperature = 3 [K]
           Option = Opening Temperature
         END
         MASS AND MOMENTUM:
           Option = Entrainment
           Relative Pressure = 0 [Pa]
           PRESSURE OPTION:
             Option = Opening Pressure
           END
         END
         THERMAL RADIATION:
           Option = Local Temperature
         END
       END
       BOUNDARY SOURCE:
         SOURCES:
           RADIATION SOURCE: Radiation Source 1
             Option = Directional Radiation Flux
             Radiation Flux = flux3
             DIRECTION:
               Option = Cartesian Components
               Unit Vector X Component = 0
               Unit Vector Y Component = 0
               Unit Vector Z Component = 1
             END
           END
         END
       END
     END
     DOMAIN MODELS:
       BUOYANCY MODEL:
         Option = Non Buoyant
       END
       DOMAIN MOTION:
         Option = Stationary
       END
       MESH DEFORMATION:
         Option = None
       END
       REFERENCE PRESSURE:
         Reference Pressure = 1 [atm]
       END
     END
     FLUID DEFINITION: Fluid 1
       Material = Air at 25 C
       Option = Material Library
       MORPHOLOGY:
         Option = Continuous Fluid
       END
     END
     FLUID MODELS:
       COMBUSTION MODEL:
         Option = None
       END
       HEAT TRANSFER MODEL:
         Option = Thermal Energy
       END
       THERMAL RADIATION MODEL:
         Number of Histories = 10000
         Option = Monte Carlo
         Radiation Transfer Mode = Surface to Surface
         SCATTERING MODEL:
           Option = None
         END
         SPECTRAL MODEL:
           Option = Multiband
           SPECTRAL BAND: Microwave
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl3
             Wavelength Upper Limit = WavlHigh
           END
           SPECTRAL BAND: Thermal
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl2
             Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl3
           END
           SPECTRAL BAND: UV
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = WavlLow
             Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl1
           END
           SPECTRAL BAND: Visible
             Option = Wavelength in Vacuum
             Wavelength Lower Limit = Wavl1
             Wavelength Upper Limit = Wavl2
           END
         END
       END
       TURBULENCE MODEL:
         Option = Laminar
       END
     END
   END
   DOMAIN INTERFACE: Bestrahlte_Flaeche_Vakuum
     Boundary List1 = Bestrahlte_Flaeche_Vakuum Side 1
     Boundary List2 = Bestrahlte_Flaeche_Vakuum Side 2
     Interface Type = Fluid Solid
     INTERFACE MODELS:
       Option = General Connection
       FRAME CHANGE:
         Option = None
       END
       HEAT TRANSFER:
         Option = Conservative Interface Flux
         HEAT TRANSFER INTERFACE MODEL:
           Option = None
         END
       END
       PITCH CHANGE:
         Option = None
       END
       THERMAL RADIATION:
         Diffuse Fraction = 0
         Emissivity = SpectralProp
         Option = Opaque
       END
     END
     MESH CONNECTION:
       Option = GGI
     END
   END
   OUTPUT CONTROL:
     RESULTS:
       File Compression Level = Default
       Option = Standard
     END
   END
   SOLVER CONTROL:
     ADVECTION SCHEME:
       Option = High Resolution
     END
     CONVERGENCE CONTROL:
       Length Scale Option = Aggressive
       Maximum Number of Iterations = 2000
       Minimum Number of Iterations = 10
       Solid Timescale Control = Auto Timescale
       Solid Timescale Factor = 2
       Timescale Control = Auto Timescale
       Timescale Factor = 1.5
     END
     CONVERGENCE CRITERIA:
       Conservation Target = 0.01
       Residual Target = 1.E-4
       Residual Type = RMS
     END
     DYNAMIC MODEL CONTROL:
       Global Dynamic Model Control = On
     END
     EQUATION CLASS: energy
       CONVERGENCE CONTROL:
         Length Scale Option = Aggressive
         Timescale Control = Auto Timescale
         Timescale Factor = 1.5
       END
       CONVERGENCE CRITERIA:
         Conservation Target = 0.01
         Residual Target = 1.0E-4
         Residual Type = RMS
       END
     END
     THERMAL RADIATION CONTROL:
       Iteration Interval = 5
       COARSENING CONTROL:
         Target Coarsening Rate = 4
       END
     END
   END
   EXPERT PARAMETERS:
     solve fluids = f
     solve radiation = t
   END
 END
 COMMAND FILE:
   Version = 14.5
   Results Version = 14.5.7
 END
 SIMULATION CONTROL:
   EXECUTION CONTROL:
     EXECUTABLE SELECTION:
       Double Precision = On
     END
     INTERPOLATOR STEP CONTROL:
       Runtime Priority = Standard
       MEMORY CONTROL:
         Memory Allocation Factor = 1.0
       END
     END
     PARALLEL HOST LIBRARY:
       HOST DEFINITION: ry000391
         Remote Host Name = RY-000391
         Host Architecture String = winnt-amd64
         Installation Root = C:\Program Files\ANSYS1457\v%v\CFX
       END
     END
     PARTITIONER STEP CONTROL:
       Multidomain Option = Independent Partitioning
       Runtime Priority = Standard
       EXECUTABLE SELECTION:
         Use Large Problem Partitioner = Off
       END
       MEMORY CONTROL:
         Memory Allocation Factor = 1.0
       END
       PARTITIONING TYPE:
         MeTiS Type = k-way
         Option = MeTiS
         Partition Size Rule = Automatic
         Partition Weight Factors = 0.50000, 0.50000
       END
     END
     RUN DEFINITION:
       Run Mode = Full
       Solver Input File = Fluiddynamik CFX.def
     END
     SOLVER STEP CONTROL:
       Runtime Priority = Standard
       MEMORY CONTROL:
         Memory Allocation Factor = 1.0
       END
       PARALLEL ENVIRONMENT:
         Number of Processes = 2
         Start Method = Platform MPI Local Parallel
         Parallel Host List = ry000391*2
       END
     END
   END
 END

I have just one more question . I would like to visualize the rays which will be reflected. Is that possible in CFD-Post? Particle tracking is possible and maybe also ray tracking? I have to use Monte Carlo, so ray tracing with the DTM would not be possible.
Are radiometers possible to visualize adequate the rays?

Best regards,
Chris

[Opaque]

Glad to hear you made it work..

Unfortunately, the rays used for the radiation modeling cannot be visualized at all. You can visualize rays for a radiometer though by setting the Diagnostic Output level to a value larger than 0. A .csv file will be written for every radiometer with diagnostic output level greater than 0. Such file contain the rays leaving a radiometer including their reflections (so you can track the original source of the ray).

To visualize the rays, you create a polyline in CFD-Post, select the option From File, and apply.

If I recall correctly, a diagnostic output of 1 gives a single .csv file. For value of 2, you can get a .csv per time step. For non-deforming meshes or non-conditional domain interfaces, those .csv files will be the same. so you can just 1.

Hope the above helps,

[hrsq]

Could you please tell me how I can model pure radiation without convection or conduction in the domain? I want to model radiation in vacuum.

[ghorrocks]

Use the expert parameters to turn the flow solver and any other solvers you do not want off.

[hrsq]

Thanks for your response.
In my problem, I have different solids and fluid domains and I have to solve energy and fluid equation in them except one of them which I want to solve only radiation heat transfer. Therefore, if I turn off the flow and energy equations from expert parameters, the energy and flow will not solve in other domains.

[ghorrocks]

Then I would make your vacuum a solid domain, and use a solid with a very low (but not zero) conductivity.

[hrsq]

Thank you very much ghorrocks.

[Chris89]

Hello again ,
I have a further question regarding the radiation modeling. I want to analyze a surface with a wrinkle in vacuum. Nearly the same conditions and properties as for the last simulation (surface to surface, Monte Carlo method, different spectra for absorption and emission, interface between the surface and the vacuum). Since the incoming directional radiation flux reflects, hot spots should occur. The problem is the definition of the vacuum and therefore the convergence. If the fluid solver will be turned off, the surface of the vacuum for the interface has still the properties of the fluid and therefore the conductivity, which leads to wrong results. For these settings, the solver converges. If I create another “material” for the vacuum with low conductivity, low density and high viscosity as ghorrocks recommended in another thread regarding the vacuum definition, the results after 300 iterations (about 3 hours) seem to be correct but the solver does not converges. Is there a possibility to adjust the convergence criteria for the low conductivity or is there another possibility for the definition of a vacuum in CFX? Is CFX generally suitable for such radiation problems with a vacuum?

Best regards,
Chris

[ghorrocks]

No, my recommendation for your vacuum material is to make it a solid domain. Then you do not need to worry about any fluid properties. Also low conductivity is required, but high density might be more numerically stable.

[Chris89]

Thank you for your reply!

I tried this option for the vacuum definition, too. The problem is the definition of the surfaces of the vacuum domain. I have to set an emissivity and either the surfaces absorb and emit the irradiation from the wrinkle surface for a value of "1" or they reflect the incoming energy, which comes from the wrinkle surface. This leads unfortunately also to wrong results for the temperature distribution due to the radiation from the surrounding "surfaces" of the vacuum.

[ghorrocks]

I have no idea what you are talking about. I am not an expert on radiation modelling but my understanding is that the same options are available for a solid domain as for a fluid domain. So whatever radiation boundary conditions you defined for the fluid domain can be set for the solid domain.

So whatever settings you have put on the fluid domain you can put them on the solid domain as well.

[Chris89]

If I define the vacuum as a solid domain, I can either choose wall or symmetry for the boundaries. For a wall, I have to set an emissivity which leads to the mentioned problems. If I define the vacuum as a fluid domain, I can define the boundaries as openings and therefore no radiation will be absorbed, reflected or emitted, only transmitted. That is what I want but it is not possible for a solid domain. Or is there any possibility to define a transmissivity of 100% for a surface of a solid domain?

[ghorrocks]

Can you use a solid domain with wall boundaries where the temperature of the wall is set to almost absolute zero (like 1 [K])? Then the wall will absorb radiation but not radiate or reflect.