Closing on wall functions - part 8: coupled/thin wall boundary conditions
It might happen that wall functions for temperature or scalars are needed when the assigned boundary condition is not simply the assigned flux or temperature/scalar, but rather a more complex one. One example is when the wall is a coupled one, with either a fluid or a solid on the other side, or it has some thickness, possibly with source terms in it and, say, radiation or convective boundary conditions assigned on the other side, or maybe some other combination of the above.
In all such cases, the formulas presented before are still valid but need a slight rearrangement in order to fit the new conditions. Nothing of this is really new, the concpet is as old as the book of Patankar (probably older) and this is just one of the latest additions. Also, major commercial CFD codes have been offering this for decades. Still, I am not aware of full formulas available in the more general case. Everything I write here for the temperature just straightforwardly applies to other scalars with similar equations. Of course, as per the original wall function ODE, the assumption is that of steady state. That is, the solved problem might or not be steady, but the boundary conditions are, in fact, derived by solving a steady state problem (this was, as a matter of fact, true also for the wall function ODE, even if the unsteady term was considered among the non equilibrium ones).
We start by noting that the wall heat flux formula provided here can actually be rewritten as follows (also taking into account that the original derivation used a wrong sign for ease of exposition):
![q_w = -\frac{\left\{\frac{\left[T\left(y\right) - T_w\right]}{y} \left(\frac{\mu C_p}{Pr}\right) - y\sum_{i=0}^{N}\frac{F_T^i}{i+1}\left(\frac{y}{y_p}\right)^i\left(\frac{{s_T^i}^+}{{y^+}^{i+2}}\right) \right\}}{\left(\frac{{s_T^{-1}}^+}{y^+}\right)} = -\frac{\left(T_p - T_w\right)}{y_p} k_p C_{WF} + \dot{Q}_p](/Forums/vbLatex/img/f3050bc59fd044b7537e79ad18ce7141-1.gif "q_w = -\frac{\left\{\frac{\left[T\left(y\right) - T_w\right]}{y} \left(\frac{\mu C_p}{Pr}\right) - y\sum_{i=0}^{N}\frac{F_T^i}{i+1}\left(\frac{y}{y_p}\right)^i\left(\frac{{s_T^i}^+}{{y^+}^{i+2}}\right) \right\}}{\left(\frac{{s_T^{-1}}^+}{y^+}\right)} = -\frac{\left(T_p - T_w\right)}{y_p} k_p C_{WF} + \dot{Q}_p")
Where
and it is recognized that, being independent, at the first order, from the flow conditions and being an integral that grows with wall distance, the non equilibrium terms are, indeed, just an explicit source term 
for the near wall cell. In practice, the source term is also assimilable to a non orthogonal correction thus, in the following, we will simply consider the point 
, with temperature 
and distance from the wall 
to be along the normal to the wall. A similar reasoning can also be done for the viscous dissipation that, as presented here, is independent from the temperature distribution and can be absorbed by the same source term as well.
We want to extend the formula above to the case where neither
nor 
are actually given. Also, we assume that 
and 
, that is, they are only known as the values at the extreme of an n layers thin wall. So we have 
, 
, ..., 
and 
, and the same for 
. They are are the temperatures and fluxes at the intefraces between the n layers of the thin wall. Each one of these n layers will have its own thickness 
, thermal conductivity 
and possibly a source term 
. Finally, we want to consider two possible boundary conditions, either directly given or 
given as:
with
being non-linearly dependent from and where we assumed that the 
are positive if entering the domain.
In order to formalize a solution, we need to complement the fundamental conservation statement that holds for a layer in the thin wall
with a similar relation for the temperature jump across the layer, 
. Considering that, in our model, the heat conduction equation that holds in each layer has the form:
solving it with proper boundary conditions one easily obtains that:
The two jump relations for single layers above can then be used to obtain jump relations across the whole thin wall of n layers. For the flux it is just, again, a simple conservation statement:
For the temperatures one obtains:
Assigning:
where the latter 3 can all be pre-computed and stored, then it is a matter of simple manipulation (yet a quite long one, which is omitted here), to show that our initial formula can now be generally expressed as follows:
where
and 
depend from the specific boundary condition in use. More specifically, for directly assigned, one has 
and 
. For the general convection/radiation boundary condition (or just one of the two, by zeroing the coefficient of the other) one has:
Finally, the coupled case is simply obtained by using
, 
and 
where the subscript 
refers to the quantities taken from the coupled side.
The corresponding value of is instead given by:
The last step missing is the determination of
, which depends from . A relation for the latter can be obtained, but itself, of course, will depend from . This relation (whose derivation is again simple but long, so it is omitted here) can then be used in tandem with the one for iteratively:
I have found that, starting from
no more than 10 iterations are necessary to converge on and .
One thing which is worth highlighting here in the more general context of wall functions is that, as a matter of fact, non equilibrium/viscous dissipation terms (from both sides of the thin wall, if a coupled bc is used) do not directly enter the modifications presented above. That is, they still appear as in the original wall function formulation. This might very easily go unnoticed if a thermal wall function is just presented as a single relation for
without distinguishing the roles of the terms.
Another thing worth noting is that, if one decided to solve the original ODE as it was (say, with a tridiagonal algorithm as in one of the scripts provided here), instead of directly integrating it as done here, it would have been impossible to let the exact form above emerge, leading to 3 major consequences: 1) inability to separate the non-equilibrium/viscous dissipation part from the rest (that is, in the ODE solution one only has the wall values, not their dependence), 2) either the need to solve the 1D problem also in the thin wall and/or coupled side or the need to iterate the solution on both sides exchanging wall values at each iteration and 3) which is a consequences of 1 and 2, the impossibility to set up the problem for an implicit implementation in the coupled case, which might have major consequences on convergence in certain cases.
Finally, I want to mention that all the above developments are also relevant for the Musker-modified Spalart-Allmaras model for which, given the proper conditions (equilibrium for the velocity, steady state in general), they represent a full analytical solution, which now is thus extended to the present more general boundary conditions.
In all such cases, the formulas presented before are still valid but need a slight rearrangement in order to fit the new conditions. Nothing of this is really new, the concpet is as old as the book of Patankar (probably older) and this is just one of the latest additions. Also, major commercial CFD codes have been offering this for decades. Still, I am not aware of full formulas available in the more general case. Everything I write here for the temperature just straightforwardly applies to other scalars with similar equations. Of course, as per the original wall function ODE, the assumption is that of steady state. That is, the solved problem might or not be steady, but the boundary conditions are, in fact, derived by solving a steady state problem (this was, as a matter of fact, true also for the wall function ODE, even if the unsteady term was considered among the non equilibrium ones).
We start by noting that the wall heat flux formula provided here can actually be rewritten as follows (also taking into account that the original derivation used a wrong sign for ease of exposition):
Where
and it is recognized that, being independent, at the first order, from the flow conditions and being an integral that grows with wall distance, the non equilibrium terms are, indeed, just an explicit source term for the near wall cell. In practice, the source term is also assimilable to a non orthogonal correction thus, in the following, we will simply consider the point , with temperature and distance from the wall to be along the normal to the wall. A similar reasoning can also be done for the viscous dissipation that, as presented here, is independent from the temperature distribution and can be absorbed by the same source term as well.We want to extend the formula above to the case where neither
nor are actually given. Also, we assume that and , that is, they are only known as the values at the extreme of an n layers thin wall. So we have , , ..., and , and the same for . They are are the temperatures and fluxes at the intefraces between the n layers of the thin wall. Each one of these n layers will have its own thickness , thermal conductivity and possibly a source term . Finally, we want to consider two possible boundary conditions, either directly given or given as:with
being non-linearly dependent from and where we assumed that the are positive if entering the domain.In order to formalize a solution, we need to complement the fundamental conservation statement that holds for a layer in the thin wall
with a similar relation for the temperature jump across the layer, . Considering that, in our model, the heat conduction equation that holds in each layer has the form:solving it with proper boundary conditions one easily obtains that:
The two jump relations for single layers above can then be used to obtain jump relations across the whole thin wall of n layers. For the flux it is just, again, a simple conservation statement:
For the temperatures one obtains:
Assigning:
where the latter 3 can all be pre-computed and stored, then it is a matter of simple manipulation (yet a quite long one, which is omitted here), to show that our initial formula can now be generally expressed as follows:
where
and depend from the specific boundary condition in use. More specifically, for directly assigned, one has and . For the general convection/radiation boundary condition (or just one of the two, by zeroing the coefficient of the other) one has:Finally, the coupled case is simply obtained by using
, and where the subscript refers to the quantities taken from the coupled side.The corresponding value of
is instead given by: The last step missing is the determination of
, which depends from . A relation for the latter can be obtained, but itself, of course, will depend from . This relation (whose derivation is again simple but long, so it is omitted here) can then be used in tandem with the one for iteratively:I have found that, starting from
no more than 10 iterations are necessary to converge on and .One thing which is worth highlighting here in the more general context of wall functions is that, as a matter of fact, non equilibrium/viscous dissipation terms (from both sides of the thin wall, if a coupled bc is used) do not directly enter the modifications presented above. That is, they still appear as in the original wall function formulation. This might very easily go unnoticed if a thermal wall function is just presented as a single relation for
without distinguishing the roles of the terms.Another thing worth noting is that, if one decided to solve the original ODE as it was (say, with a tridiagonal algorithm as in one of the scripts provided here), instead of directly integrating it as done here, it would have been impossible to let the exact form above emerge, leading to 3 major consequences: 1) inability to separate the non-equilibrium/viscous dissipation part from the rest (that is, in the ODE solution one only has the wall values, not their dependence), 2) either the need to solve the 1D problem also in the thin wall and/or coupled side or the need to iterate the solution on both sides exchanging wall values at each iteration and 3) which is a consequences of 1 and 2, the impossibility to set up the problem for an implicit implementation in the coupled case, which might have major consequences on convergence in certain cases.
Finally, I want to mention that all the above developments are also relevant for the Musker-modified Spalart-Allmaras model for which, given the proper conditions (equilibrium for the velocity, steady state in general), they represent a full analytical solution, which now is thus extended to the present more general boundary conditions.
Total Comments 0
